Neural Control and Coordination: Master the Nervous System and Movement

Question 1

In the stretch reflex, a protective response to muscle stretching, which type of sensory receptor initiates the reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

Muscle spindle

Answer

Golgi tendon organ

Answer

Free nerve ending

Answer

Nociceptor

Question 2

The hypothalamus, a small brain region, plays a critical role in maintaining the body's internal balance. Which of the following functions is NOT performed by the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Processing of visual information

Answer

Regulation of body temperature and fluid balance

Answer

Control of sleep-wake cycle

Answer

Appetite and thirst regulation

Question 3

Spinal reflexes, which are rapid and automatic responses to stimuli, exhibit certain characteristics. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a spinal reflex?

Accepted Answer

Involves higher brain centres

Answer

Rapid and involuntary

Answer

Stereotyped and predictable

Answer

Protective in nature

Question 4

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions. Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

Answer

Control of heart rate and digestion

Answer

Constriction and dilation of blood vessels

Answer

Regulation of body temperature

Question 5

Agonist and antagonist muscles are involved in movement. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between agonist and antagonist muscles?

Accepted Answer

Agonists contract to move a joint in one direction, while antagonists contract to move it in the opposite direction.

Answer

Agonists contract to relax a joint, while antagonists contract to move it.

Answer

Agonists contract to move a joint in one direction, while antagonists contract to assist in the same direction.

Answer

Agonists relax to move a joint in one direction, while antagonists contract to move it in the opposite direction.

Question 6

The medulla oblongata is a vital part of the brainstem. Which of the following functions is NOT performed by the medulla oblongata?

Accepted Answer

Coordination of voluntary movement

Answer

Control of vital functions such as breathing and heart rate

Answer

Processing of sensory information from the head and neck

Answer

Regulation of body temperature

Question 7

What is the primary role of the cerebrum in motor control?

Accepted Answer

Initiate and plan voluntary movements

Answer

Coordinate complex movement sequences

Answer

Maintain posture and balance

Answer

Regulate automatic reflexes

Question 8

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 9

How do agonist and antagonist muscles work together to control movement?

Accepted Answer

Agonists contract while antagonists relax

Answer

Antagonists contract while agonists relax

Answer

Agonists and antagonists contract simultaneously

Answer

Agonists are always stronger than antagonists

Question 10

Which of the following is a common neurological disorder that primarily affects motor control?

Accepted Answer

Parkinson's disease

Answer

Myasthenia gravis

Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Question 11

What is the correct order of the three main divisions of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Central, peripheral, autonomic

Answer

Peripheral, central, autonomic

Answer

Autonomic, central, peripheral

Answer

Central, autonomic, peripheral

Question 12

What is the primary function of the synapse in neural communication?

Accepted Answer

Regulates the strength of signals between neurons

Answer

Allows for one-way transmission of signals

Answer

Provides insulation for neurons

Answer

Stores memories

Question 13

Which type of receptor binds to GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

GABA-A

Answer

GABA-B

Answer

NMDA

Answer

AMPA

Question 14

Which part of the central nervous system is primarily involved in conscious control of voluntary movements?

Accepted Answer

Cerebral cortex

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Basal ganglia

Answer

Spinal cord

Question 15

What is the primary function of the vestibular system in the inner ear?

Accepted Answer

Maintain balance and spatial orientation

Answer

Control eye movements

Answer

Regulate body temperature

Answer

Initiate breathing

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a type of proprioceptor?

Accepted Answer

Cochlear hair cells

Answer

Muscle spindles

Answer

Joint receptors

Answer

Golgi tendon organs

Question 17

Which characteristic is associated with fast-twitch muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Ability to contract rapidly

Answer

High fatigue resistance

Answer

Rich in mitochondria

Answer

Low force output

Question 18

What is the primary function of a stretch reflex?

Accepted Answer

Resist sudden changes in muscle length

Answer

Control voluntary movements

Answer

Generate muscle tone

Answer

Prevent muscle damage

Question 19

Which hormone is released in response to intense physical activity and prepares the body for action?

Accepted Answer

Adrenaline

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Growth hormone

Answer

Testosterone

Question 20

What is the term for the process by which the brain adapts to changes in the environment and modifies its neural connections?

Accepted Answer

Plasticity

Answer

Synaptic pruning

Answer

Neurogenesis

Answer

Myelination

Question 21

What is a distinctive function of the somatic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Voluntary control of skeletal muscles

Answer

Involuntary control of smooth muscles

Answer

Regulation of blood pressure

Answer

Coordination of reflexes

Question 22

Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for controlling voluntary movement?

Accepted Answer

Somatic nervous system

Answer

Central nervous system

Answer

Peripheral nervous system

Answer

Autonomic nervous system

Question 23

Which type of neuron transmits nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Sensory neuron

Answer

Motor neuron

Answer

Interneuron

Answer

Efferent neuron

Question 24

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining balance and coordination

Answer

Processing sensory information

Answer

Controlling heart rate and respiration

Answer

Regulating body temperature

Question 25

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Question 26

A reflex is a rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus that:

Accepted Answer

Protects the body from harm

Answer

Is learned and requires conscious effort

Answer

Is mediated by the spinal cord only

Answer

Involves only one type of neuron

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a type of proprioceptor?

Accepted Answer

Vestibular apparatus

Answer

Muscle spindle

Answer

Golgi tendon organ

Answer

Kinesthetic receptor

Question 28

Parkinson's disease is characterized by a deficiency in which neurotransmitter?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Noradrenaline

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 29

Which of the following is **NOT** part of the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Nerves

Answer

Brain

Answer

Spinal cord

Question 30

Which of the following is a primary function of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Coordination and control of body movements

Answer

Maintenance of body temperature

Answer

Digestion of food

Answer

Transport of oxygen and nutrients

Question 31

Which part of the brain is responsible for higher-level functions such as reasoning, decision-making, and language?

Accepted Answer

Cerebrum

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Medulla

Answer

Brainstem

Question 32

Which type of neuron carries signals away from the central nervous system to muscles and glands?

Accepted Answer

Motor neuron

Answer

Sensory neuron

Answer

Interneuron

Answer

Afferent neuron

Question 33

What is the primary function of the myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve fibers?

Accepted Answer

To insulate the nerve fiber and increase signal transmission speed

Answer

To provide structural support to the nerve fiber

Answer

To regulate the flow of blood to the nerve fiber

Answer

To amplify the electrical signals transmitted along the nerve fiber

Question 34

Which of the following is a characteristic of a reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

Rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus

Answer

Involves conscious thought and decision-making

Answer

Requires a complex network of neurons

Answer

Is modifiable through learning and experience

Question 35

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating balance and muscle movements?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Cerebrum

Answer

Medulla

Answer

Pons

Question 36

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the transmission of signals across the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 37

How do somatic reflexes differ from autonomic reflexes?

Accepted Answer

Somatic reflexes involve skeletal muscles, while autonomic reflexes involve smooth muscles

Answer

Somatic reflexes are voluntary, while autonomic reflexes are involuntary

Answer

Autonomic reflexes are voluntary, while somatic reflexes are involuntary

Answer

Autonomic reflexes involve skeletal muscles, while somatic reflexes involve smooth muscles

Question 38

Which imaging technique is commonly used to measure electrical brain activity?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Computed tomography (CT)

Answer

Ultrasound

Question 39

Which neurotransmitter is essential for muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 40

Identify an example of a proprioceptive receptor.

Accepted Answer

Muscle spindle

Answer

Photoreceptor

Answer

Nociceptor

Answer

Cochlear hair cell

Question 41

How does the sympathetic nervous system prepare the body for 'fight or flight' situations?

Accepted Answer

Increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates pupils, inhibits digestion

Answer

Decreases heart rate and blood pressure, constricts pupils, stimulates digestion

Answer

Increases body temperature, promotes relaxation, slows down metabolism

Answer

Decreases body temperature, stimulates alertness, speeds up metabolism

Question 42

Describe the function of the basal ganglia in motor control.

Accepted Answer

Initiating and controlling voluntary movements

Answer

Maintaining balance and posture

Answer

Processing sensory information

Answer

Producing hormones

Question 43

Explain the difference between open-loop and closed-loop control systems in motor control.

Accepted Answer

Closed-loop systems involve sensory feedback, while open-loop systems do not

Answer

Open-loop systems involve sensory feedback, while closed-loop systems do not

Answer

Open-loop systems are more accurate than closed-loop systems

Answer

Closed-loop systems are faster than open-loop systems

Question 44

How does the nervous system adapt to changes in the environment or task?

Accepted Answer

By altering the strength of synaptic connections

Answer

By creating new neurons

Answer

By destroying old neurons

Answer

By changing the structure of the brain

Question 45

Describe a potential consequence of damage to the motor cortex.

Accepted Answer

Paralysis on one side of the body

Answer

Loss of balance and coordination

Answer

Difficulty speaking

Answer

Impaired vision

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Digestion

Answer

Maintenance of homeostasis

Answer

Reception of sensory information

Answer

Control of movement

Question 47

Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

Accepted Answer

Occipital lobe

Answer

Parietal lobe

Answer

Frontal lobe

Answer

Temporal lobe

Question 48

Which type of neuron transmits signals away from the cell body?

Accepted Answer

Efferent neuron

Answer

Sensory neuron

Answer

Afferent neuron

Answer

Interneuron

Question 49

Which part of the spinal cord carries sensory information up to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Ascending tracts

Answer

Gray matter

Answer

Descending tracts

Answer

White matter

Question 50

Which type of reflex involves a voluntary and conscious response?

Accepted Answer

Conditioned reflex

Answer

Proprioceptive reflex

Answer

Unconditioned reflex

Answer

Involuntary reflex

Question 51

What is the role of proprioceptors in motor control?

Accepted Answer

To provide information on muscle length and joint position

Answer

To transmit signals from the brain to the muscles

Answer

To detect pain and temperature

Question 52

What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

To prepare the body for "fight or flight" responses

Answer

To constrict blood vessels

Answer

To slow down the heart rate

Question 53

Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress?

Accepted Answer

Adrenaline

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Insulin