Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Neuropsychological Deficits

Question 1

What is the primary neurotransmitter affected in Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Question 2

Which brain region is most commonly affected early in the progression of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Frontal lobe

Answer

Parietal lobe

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 3

What is the most common form of dementia?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Vascular dementia

Answer

Lewy body dementia

Answer

Frontotemporal dementia

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Heart disease

Answer

Memory loss

Answer

Impaired reasoning

Answer

Personality changes

Question 5

How does Alzheimer's disease affect individuals, their families, and society?

Accepted Answer

Increased healthcare costs, strain on caregivers, and diminished quality of life for patients

Answer

Improved quality of life for patients due to advancements in treatment and reduced stigma associated with the disease

Answer

Reduced healthcare costs and burden on caregivers as individuals with Alzheimer's disease become more independent

Question 6

Which of the following symptoms is commonly observed in the early stages of Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Memory loss that significantly impairs daily functioning

Answer

Severe language comprehension problems

Answer

Vivid and persistent hallucinations

Answer

Complete disorientation to time and place

Question 7

In Alzheimer's Disease, which neurotransmitter system is most affected?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Glutamate

Question 8

What is the most common genetic risk factor for developing Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

APOE-ε4 allele

Answer

BRCA1 mutation

Answer

Huntington's disease gene

Answer

CFTR mutation

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT currently used as a treatment approach for Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Stem cell therapy

Answer

Behavioural interventions

Answer

Memantine

Answer

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Question 10

What is the term for the global cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Dementia

Answer

Apraxia (motor planning difficulty)

Answer

Agnosia (object recognition impairment)

Answer

Aphasia (language impairment)

Question 11

Which neuropsychological assessment is commonly used as a screening tool for Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

Answer

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Answer

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Question 12

What are the primary neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

Answer

Lewy bodies

Answer

Parkinsonian plaques

Answer

Huntington's bodies

Question 13

Which of the following is an early indicator of Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Memory loss

Answer

Hallucinations

Answer

Incontinence

Answer

Aphasia

Question 14

Alzheimer's Disease is primarily associated with a deficiency in which neurotransmitter?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

GABA

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 15

Which of the following is not a currently available treatment for Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Complete cure

Answer

Memantine

Answer

Antipsychotics

Answer

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Question 16

What is the term for the progressive decline in cognitive and physical abilities observed in Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Dementia

Answer

Apraxia

Answer

Aphasia

Answer

Agnosia

Question 17

Which non-pharmacological therapy has shown benefits for individuals with Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive stimulation therapy

Answer

Deep brain stimulation

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer

Electroconvulsive therapy

Question 18

Which of the following is a core symptom of Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Progressive memory loss and confusion

Answer

Involuntary movements

Answer

Hallucinations

Answer

Reduced appetite

Question 19

What primary neurotransmitter system is disrupted in Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Cholinergic system (acetylcholine)

Answer

Dopaminergic system

Answer

Glutamatergic system

Answer

Serotonergic system

Question 20

Which brain structure is predominantly affected in Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Frontal lobe

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Head injuries

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Smoking

Question 22

What is the main protein aggregate found in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Amyloid-beta plaques

Answer

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer

Synuclein aggregates

Answer

Prions

Question 23

Which class of medication is commonly used to treat Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Answer

Anticonvulsants

Answer

Antipsychotics

Answer

Beta-blockers

Question 24

Which type of dementia is the most prevalent?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's Disease

Answer

Vascular dementia

Answer

Frontotemporal dementia

Answer

Lewy body dementia

Question 25

Which of the following is a primary symptom of Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Progressive memory loss, particularly affecting recent events

Answer

Severe tremors

Answer

Hallucinations

Question 26

Which neurotransmitter deficiency is centrally implicated in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 27

Which treatment approach for Alzheimer's Disease specifically targets the aggregation of amyloid-beta plaques?

Accepted Answer

Anti-amyloid immunotherapy

Answer

Antipsychotics

Answer

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Question 28

Which brain region is most vulnerable to damage and exhibits the earliest signs of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Medulla

Question 29

Which cognitive function is typically most severely impaired in the early stages of Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Working memory

Answer

Spatial reasoning

Question 30

Which genetic factor is a well-established risk factor for developing late-onset Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

APOE-ε4 allele

Answer

Huntington's disease gene

Answer

Fragile X syndrome gene

Answer

Tau gene mutation

Question 31

Which type of psychotherapy is commonly employed to address behavioral problems and agitation in individuals with Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Reality orientation therapy

Answer

Psychodynamic therapy

Answer

Psychoanalysis

Answer

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT characteristically seen in Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Improved memory

Answer

Language difficulties

Answer

Disorientation

Answer

Memory impairment

Question 33

Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected in Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Noradrenaline

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Dopamine

Question 34

Which brain region is most notably affected in Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Basal ganglia

Answer

Frontal lobe

Question 35

Amyloid plaques are a defining neuropathological feature of which condition?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's Disease

Answer

Lewy body dementia

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Question 36

Which factor significantly elevates the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Increasing age

Answer

Occupation

Answer

Gender

Answer

Personality type

Question 37

Which prevalent form of dementia is characterized by progressive cognitive decline?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's Disease

Answer

Vascular dementia

Answer

Dementia with Lewy bodies

Question 38

Language difficulties in Alzheimer's Disease are often associated with damage to which brain region?

Accepted Answer

Temporal lobe

Answer

Occipital lobe

Answer

Parietal lobe

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a treatment approach for Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Complete cure

Answer

Medications

Answer

Cognitive stimulation therapy

Answer

Lifestyle modifications

Question 40

What is the primary goal of Alzheimer's Disease treatment?

Accepted Answer

Slowing the progression of symptoms

Answer

Complete restoration of memory function

Answer

Complete elimination of symptoms

Answer

Prevention of disease onset

Question 41

Which of the following is a characteristic neuropathological feature of Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Amyloid plaques and tau tangles

Answer

Huntington bodies

Answer

Lewy bodies

Question 42

Which cognitive domain is most commonly affected in early-stage Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Working memory

Answer

Executive function

Answer

Language

Question 43

Which neurotransmitter system is primarily affected in Alzheimer's Disease, leading to cognitive decline?

Accepted Answer

Cholinergic system

Answer

Noradrenergic system

Answer

Serotonergic system

Answer

Dopaminergic system

Question 44

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for developing Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

High blood pressure

Answer

Genetics

Answer

Gender

Answer

Age

Question 45

Which non-pharmacological intervention aims to reduce agitation and improve communication in Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Validation therapy

Answer

Cognitive stimulation therapy

Answer

Socialization activities

Answer

Music therapy

Question 46

What is the primary purpose of the Braak staging system?

Accepted Answer

To assess the progression and severity of Alzheimer's Disease brain pathology

Answer

To diagnose Alzheimer's Disease

Answer

To predict the rate of cognitive decline

Question 47

What is the current approach to treating Alzheimer's Disease?

Accepted Answer

Symptomatic management and support

Answer

Pharmacological treatments to reverse cognitive decline

Answer

Lifestyle interventions only

Answer

Disease-modifying therapies

Question 48

Which of the following is the MOST common early symptom of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty remembering recent conversations or events

Answer

Loss of motor skills, like walking or using utensils

Answer

Difficulty with speech and language comprehension

Question 49

Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected by the neuronal damage associated with Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Answer

Dopamine

Question 50

A patient presents with difficulty planning and problem-solving, short-term memory loss, and changes in personality. Brain imaging reveals atrophy in the frontal and temporal lobes. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Answer

Huntington's disease

Question 51

Which of the following cognitive functions is LEAST likely to be significantly impaired in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory recall

Answer

Executive functioning

Answer

Working memory capacity

Answer

Episodic memory formation

Question 52

What is the primary role of cholinesterase inhibitors in managing Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Slowing down the breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain

Answer

Reducing amyloid plaque formation in the brain

Answer

Repairing damaged neurons and promoting neurogenesis

Question 53

The presence of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain is a hallmark of which condition?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Huntington's disease

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Answer

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Question 54

Which of the following statements about Alzheimer's disease is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease is a normal part of aging.

Answer

Alzheimer's disease can significantly impact a person's ability to function independently.

Answer

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder.

Question 55

A person in the later stages of Alzheimer's disease might experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty swallowing and incontinence

Answer

Increased social engagement and improved communication skills

Answer

Complete recovery of cognitive and functional abilities

Answer

Mild forgetfulness and occasional word-finding difficulties

Question 56

What type of memory is responsible for remembering how to perform learned actions, such as riding a bike or playing an instrument, and is often relatively preserved in Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Episodic memory