Attention and Perception: A Comprehensive Guide for Neuropsychology Students

Question 1

According to the Attentional Network Model, which network is responsible for detecting and orienting to novel stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Orienting network

Answer

Alerting network

Answer

Executive control network

Answer

Default mode network

Question 2

Which of the following is a principle of perceptual organization that states that elements that are close together are perceived as belonging to the same group?

Accepted Answer

Proximity

Answer

Similarity

Answer

Closure

Answer

Common fate

Question 3

Which of the following illusions demonstrates the influence of top-down processing on perception?

Accepted Answer

Kanizsa illusion

Answer

Müller-Lyer illusion

Answer

Ebbinghaus illusion

Answer

Poggendorff illusion

Question 4

Which brain area is primarily responsible for spatial attention?

Accepted Answer

Parietal lobe

Answer

Frontal lobe

Answer

Occipital lobe

Answer

Temporal lobe

Question 5

In the flanker task, which of the following conditions is most difficult?

Accepted Answer

Responding to a target letter that is flanked by incongruent letters

Answer

Responding to a target letter that is flanked by congruent letters

Answer

Responding to a target letter that is flanked by no letters

Answer

Responding to a target letter that is presented alone

Question 6

Which of the following statements about attention is false?

Accepted Answer

Attention always leads to conscious awareness.

Answer

Attention is a limited resource.

Answer

Attention is a dynamic process that constantly shifts.

Answer

Attention can be captured by salient stimuli without our conscious control

Question 7

Which of the following methods is used to measure divided attention?

Accepted Answer

Dual-task paradigm

Answer

Continuous Performance Task (CPT)

Answer

Digit Span Test

Answer

Trail Making Test

Question 8

Which of the following is a disorder associated with impaired sustained attention and executive functioning?

Accepted Answer

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Answer

Schizophrenia

Answer

Depression

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Question 9

Which of the following is a type of involuntary attention?

Accepted Answer

Incidental attention

Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Divided attention

Answer

Sustained attention

Question 10

The theory that suggests attention is a limited resource and must be divided between multiple tasks is known as:

Accepted Answer

Broadbent's Filter Theory

Answer

Deutsch and Deutsch's Late Selection Theory

Answer

Kahneman's Capacity Theory

Answer

Posner and Petersen's Attention Network Theory

Question 11

Which of the following brain regions is responsible for regulating attentional processes?

Accepted Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Parietal cortex

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Question 12

Sustained attention is the ability to focus on a single task for a prolonged period.

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 13

Inattentional blindness is the failure to notice unexpected events due to limitations in our attentional processing.

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 14

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is designed to assess which aspect of attention?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive flexibility

Answer

Sustained attention

Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Divided attention

Question 15

The ability to switch focus between different stimuli or tasks is known as:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive flexibility

Answer

Attentional control

Answer

Working memory

Answer

Long-term memory

Question 16

Which of the following is not a primary type of attention?

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Divided attention

Answer

Sustained attention

Question 17

According to Broadbent's Filter Theory of Attention, what is the role of the sensory register?

Accepted Answer

To store incoming sensory information for a brief period.

Answer

To select relevant information and filter out irrelevant information.

Answer

To process and interpret sensory information.

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of perceptual organization?

Accepted Answer

Grouping similar elements together based on proximity, similarity, or continuity.

Answer

Ignoring irrelevant information.

Answer

Responding only to the strongest stimuli.

Question 19

Which of the following is a bottom-up factor that influences perception?

Accepted Answer

Intensity of the stimulus.

Answer

Social and cultural context.

Answer

Motivation and emotions.

Answer

Expectations and knowledge.

Question 20

What is the key distinction between bottom-up and top-down processing in perception?

Accepted Answer

Bottom-up processing is data-driven, while top-down processing is driven by expectations and knowledge.

Answer

Bottom-up processing is conscious, while top-down processing is unconscious.

Answer

Bottom-up processing is used for simple stimuli, while top-down processing is used for complex stimuli.

Question 21

Which of the following is a symptom of inattention?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty focusing on a task for an extended period.

Answer

Phobias.

Answer

Hallucinations.

Answer

Delusions.

Question 22

What is the role of the reticular activating system (RAS) in attention?

Accepted Answer

To filter out irrelevant sensory information and alert the brain to important stimuli.

Answer

To process visual information.

Answer

To store long-term memories.

Answer

To control voluntary movements.

Question 23

Which of the following is a perceptual constancy?

Accepted Answer

Recognizing an object as the same despite changes in its size, shape, or color.

Answer

Perceiving depth cues.

Answer

Seeing an object in three dimensions.

Question 24

The Stroop effect is an example of which type of attention?

Accepted Answer

Selective attention.

Answer

Sustained attention.

Answer

Divided attention.

Answer

Inattention.

Question 25

Which of the following is not a type of attention?

Accepted Answer

Intention

Answer

Selective Attention

Answer

Sustained Attention

Answer

Divided Attention

Question 26

Describe the main differences between bottom-up and top-down attention.

Accepted Answer

Bottom-up attention is stimulus-driven, involuntary, and occurs before conscious awareness, while top-down attention is goal-directed, voluntary, and occurs after conscious awareness.

Answer

Bottom-up attention is voluntary and occurs after conscious awareness, while top-down attention is involuntary and occurs before conscious awareness.

Answer

Both bottom-up and top-down attention are involuntary and occur before conscious awareness.

Answer

Both bottom-up and top-down attention are voluntary and occur after conscious awareness.

Question 27

According to the filter theory of attention, what happens when a stimulus is presented to the brain?

Accepted Answer

It undergoes an initial filtering process based on its characteristics.

Answer

It is stored in long-term memory.

Answer

It is consciously selected for further processing.

Answer

It is automatically processed without any filtering.

Question 28

Which principle of perceptual organization explains why we tend to group objects that are close together?

Accepted Answer

Proximity

Answer

Similarity

Answer

Continuity

Answer

Closure

Question 29

Which of the following processes in perception is considered "bottom-up"?

Accepted Answer

Detecting sensory information from the environment, such as light and sound waves

Answer

Making inferences and drawing conclusions about the perceived environment

Answer

Organizing sensory information into meaningful patterns

Answer

Interpreting sensory information based on past experiences and expectations

Question 30

What is one of the key functions of the reticular activating system (RAS) in relation to attention?

Accepted Answer

Filtering out irrelevant stimuli and enhancing relevant ones.

Answer

Storing long-term memories.

Answer

Controlling sleep-wake cycles.

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of perceptual set?

Accepted Answer

Expecting to see a certain object based on prior knowledge or context.

Answer

Sustaining attention over a period of time.

Answer

Focusing on a specific stimulus while ignoring distractions.

Question 32

What is the fundamental difference between attention and perception?

Accepted Answer

Attention involves the selective processing of specific information, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information to form a coherent representation of the environment.

Answer

Perception is more important for everyday functioning than attention.

Answer

Attention only operates on visual information, while perception involves all senses.

Question 33

Which of the following is a characteristic of inattention?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty in focusing and maintaining attention on a task.

Answer

Enhanced problem-solving abilities.

Answer

Increased alertness and arousal.

Question 34

What is the primary purpose of perceptual constancy?

Accepted Answer

To ensure that the perceived properties of objects remain relatively stable despite changes in sensory conditions, such as lighting or viewing angle.

Answer

To reduce the effects of sensory adaptation.

Answer

To enhance the detection of novel stimuli.

Question 35

According to the **filter theory of attention**, irrelevant information is:

Accepted Answer

Filtered out before reaching awareness

Answer

Processed in parallel with relevant information

Answer

Stored in sensory memory for later processing

Answer

Attenuated and processed with less detail

Question 36

Which of the following is considered a **bottom-up influence** on perception?

Accepted Answer

Brightness of a stimulus

Answer

Motivation

Answer

Context

Answer

Expectations

Question 37

Which of the following is a primary **function of attention**?

Accepted Answer

Selecting relevant information

Answer

Reasoning and problem-solving

Answer

Controlling motor responses

Answer

Storing long-term memories

Question 38

The **Stroop effect** is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A conflict between automatic and controlled processing

Answer

A perceptual illusion

Answer

A top-down influence on perception

Question 39

According to the **Gestalt principles of perceptual organization**, similarity refers to:

Accepted Answer

Elements that are perceptually similar tend to be grouped together

Answer

Elements that form a continuous shape tend to be grouped together

Answer

Elements that are close together tend to be grouped together

Question 40

Which of the following is a characteristic of **bottom-up processing** in perception?

Accepted Answer

It is primarily driven by the physical properties of stimuli

Answer

It operates independently of sensory input

Answer

It is responsible for complex cognitive functions

Answer

It is predominantly determined by expectations and knowledge

Question 41

The **McGurk effect** is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Cross-modal interactions in perception

Answer

Perceptual organization

Answer

Cognitive illusions

Answer

Sensory illusions

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a type of attention?

Accepted Answer

Sleep cycle

Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Sustained attention

Answer

Divided attention

Question 43

The ability to focus on a specific conversation in a noisy environment is known as:

Accepted Answer

Cocktail Party Effect

Answer

Stroop Effect

Answer

Attentional blink

Question 44

According to the Filter Theory of Attention, what happens to irrelevant information?

Accepted Answer

Blocked from reaching conscious awareness

Answer

Attended to equally as relevant information

Answer

Stored in long-term memory

Answer

Processed subconsciously

Question 45

Which of the following are Gestalt principles of perceptual organization?

Accepted Answer

Proximity and similarity

Answer

Intensity and wavelength

Answer

Convergence and binocular disparity

Answer

Top-down and bottom-up processing

Question 46

Top-down processing of information is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Incorporating past experiences and expectations

Answer

Relying solely on sensory input

Answer

Occurring automatically without conscious effort

Question 47

Which brain region is primarily responsible for attention control?

Accepted Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Parietal cortex

Answer

Visual cortex

Answer

Auditory cortex

Question 48

Inattentional blindness refers to the failure to notice:

Accepted Answer

Objects or events that are present but not attended to

Answer

Objects or events that are visually masked

Answer

Objects or events that are too small to be seen

Question 49

A primary symptom of ADHD is:

Accepted Answer

Difficulty paying attention

Answer

Delusions of grandeur

Answer

Flat affect

Answer

Visual hallucinations

Question 50

The Habituation-Dishabituation paradigm is used in research on:

Accepted Answer

Infant attention development

Answer

Classical conditioning in animals

Answer

Cognitive development in preschoolers