Causes of Crime: Understanding the Factors Behind Criminal Behavior

Question 1

Which social factor is considered a major contributor to crime?

Accepted Answer

Social inequality and marginalization

Answer

Access to education and employment

Answer

Strong family support

Answer

Cultural values emphasizing individualism

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a major theory of crime causation as studied in criminology?

Accepted Answer

Personality Theory

Answer

Social Learning Theory

Answer

Routine Activity Theory

Answer

Marxist Theory

Question 3

Which type of crime involves the illegal use or distribution of controlled substances, such as drugs?

Accepted Answer

Drug crime

Answer

Property crime

Answer

Violent crime

Answer

White-collar crime

Question 4

The concept of 'victimisation' in criminology primarily refers to:

Accepted Answer

The impact of crime on individuals and society

Answer

The study of crime victims

Answer

The process of becoming a victim

Answer

The role of victims in crime prevention

Question 5

Which of the following is a key principle of restorative justice?

Accepted Answer

Rehabilitation and reconciliation

Answer

Punishment and retribution

Answer

Deterrence and incapacitation

Answer

Community involvement and accountability

Question 6

The concept of 'moral panic' refers to:

Accepted Answer

Public overreaction to a perceived threat

Answer

Sudden increase in crime rates

Answer

Social construction of deviant behaviour

Answer

Psychological effects of crime

Question 7

The measurement of crime rates based on official records from police or other agencies is known as:

Accepted Answer

Crime statistics

Answer

Victimisation surveys

Answer

Self-report surveys

Answer

Social indicators

Question 8

Which of these is a crucial element of a successful crime prevention strategy that tackles the root causes of crime?

Accepted Answer

Investing in social programs to reduce poverty and inequality

Answer

Increasing police presence on the streets

Answer

Enforcing mandatory minimum sentences for all crimes

Answer

Employing advanced surveillance technology to monitor public areas

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT considered a social factor that contributes to crime?

Accepted Answer

Inborn personality traits

Answer

Extreme poverty

Answer

Long-term unemployment

Answer

Negative peer pressure

Question 10

Which type of crime involves the use or threat of physical force?

Accepted Answer

Violent crime

Answer

Property-related crime

Answer

White-collar crime

Answer

Organized crime

Question 11

What is the term for the process by which someone gradually adopts a criminal lifestyle?

Accepted Answer

Socialization into crime

Answer

Criminalization

Answer

Deviance amplification

Answer

Labeling

Question 12

What is the main goal of restorative justice approaches to crime?

Accepted Answer

To rehabilitate offenders and restore harm to victims

Answer

To punish and deter offenders

Answer

To protect society from future crime

Answer

To exact revenge on victims

Question 13

Which UK government agency is responsible for investigating serious and organized crime?

Accepted Answer

National Crime Agency

Answer

Metropolitan Police Service

Answer

Crown Prosecution Service

Answer

Home Office

Question 14

What neighborhood characteristic can strongly influence crime rates?

Accepted Answer

Strong community bonds and support

Answer

Access to mental health care

Answer

Number of security cameras

Answer

Number of schools in the area

Question 15

How does social inequality contribute to crime?

Accepted Answer

It creates economic disparities, leading to higher poverty and unemployment, which are linked to crime.

Accepted Answer

People in disadvantaged areas are more exposed to crime and feel less safe, increasing their risk of involvement.

Accepted Answer

Social inequality can cause discrimination and resentment, leading some to commit crimes as a form of rebellion.

Answer

Social inequality has no impact on crime, which is solely based on individual choices.

Question 16

What is a central principle of the social bonding theory of crime?

Accepted Answer

People with strong ties to society are less likely to commit crimes.

Answer

Crime is caused by a lack of self-control.

Answer

Economic inequality is the primary driver of crime.

Answer

Social learning and exposure to criminal behaviour are major influences.

Question 17

Which of these factors is MOST LIKELY to increase a person's chances of committing crimes over time, according to developmental theories?

Accepted Answer

Experiencing violence at home or in their neighborhood

Answer

Having close friends who are law-abiding

Answer

Strong parental guidance

Answer

Doing well in school and attending regularly

Question 18

How do physical and social disorder in a neighborhood contribute to crime rates, and how can these factors be addressed through environmental crime prevention strategies?

Accepted Answer

Physical disorder, like abandoned buildings and graffiti, creates a sense of lawlessness and can attract criminals.

Accepted Answer

Social disorder, like gangs and loitering, can create a climate of fear and make residents less likely to report crimes.

Accepted Answer

Environmental crime prevention strategies include community policing, neighborhood watch programs, and improving street lighting.

Answer

Physical disorder and social disorder have no impact on crime rates.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a core principle of restorative justice?

Accepted Answer

Retribution

Answer

Victim involvement

Answer

Offender accountability

Answer

Community participation

Question 20

Which factor is NOT considered a social factor contributing to crime?

Accepted Answer

Neurological disorders

Answer

Poverty

Answer

Lack of education

Answer

Unemployment

Question 21

According to the rational choice theory of crime, what is the primary motivation for criminal behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Perceived rewards outweighing risks

Answer

Emotional impulses

Answer

Lack of moral development

Answer

Peer influence

Question 22

Which economic factor has been empirically linked to increased crime rates?

Accepted Answer

High income inequality

Answer

Low economic growth

Answer

Government spending on social programs

Answer

Economic stability

Question 23

According to restorative justice, the focus of the criminal justice system should prioritize:

Accepted Answer

Involving victims actively in the justice process

Answer

Punishing offenders severely

Answer

Preventing crime through harsh penalties

Answer

Isolating offenders from society

Question 24

Which of the following is considered a primary factor contributing to crime, according to sociological theories?

Accepted Answer

Social inequality and economic disparities

Answer

Genetic predisposition and biological factors

Answer

Early childhood trauma and attachment issues

Answer

Lack of access to mental health services

Question 25

Which psychological theory posits that criminal behavior is a result of learned patterns, reinforced by rewards and punishments?

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory

Answer

Psychodynamic theory

Answer

Cognitive-behavioral theory

Answer

Humanistic theory

Question 26

According to control theory, individuals are less likely to engage in criminal behavior when they:

Accepted Answer

Have strong social bonds and positive peer relationships

Answer

Perceive limited opportunities for legitimate success

Answer

Experience chronic stress and adversity

Answer

Have a history of witnessing violence

Question 27

The legal principle that individuals should be held accountable only for actions that they intended to commit is known as:

Accepted Answer

Mens rea

Answer

Strict liability

Answer

Actus reus

Answer

Due process

Question 28

Which approach to criminal justice emphasizes rehabilitation and restorative practices over solely punitive measures?

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice

Answer

Retributive justice

Answer

Deterrence theory

Answer

Incapacitation

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT considered a social factor contributing to crime?

Accepted Answer

Genetics (Genetic Predisposition)

Answer

Poverty and deprivation

Answer

Lack of education and employment opportunities

Answer

Broken families and poor social support

Question 30

According to the strain theory, crime is caused by:

Accepted Answer

A mismatch between social expectations and opportunities

Answer

A lack of social expectations

Answer

An abundance of opportunities

Answer

A high level of social support

Question 31

According to the rational choice theory, criminals:

Accepted Answer

Weigh the potential benefits and costs of crime before acting

Answer

Are impulsive and act on emotion

Answer

Have no regard for the consequences of their actions

Answer

Are inherently evil

Question 32

Which of the following is a key principle of environmental criminology?

Accepted Answer

Crime is concentrated in specific places and at specific times

Answer

Individuals are solely responsible for their criminal behavior

Answer

Social factors have no influence on crime rates

Answer

Crimes are randomly distributed

Question 33

The concept of differential association suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Individuals learn criminal behavior through interactions with others

Answer

Crime is caused by genetic factors

Answer

Environmental factors have no impact on criminal behavior

Answer

All criminals are born with a predisposition to commit crimes

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of a primary prevention strategy for crime reduction?

Accepted Answer

Reducing poverty and unemployment

Answer

Intensive probation programs

Answer

Community policing initiatives

Answer

Increasing police patrols

Question 35

The belief that crime is inevitable and cannot be controlled is known as:

Accepted Answer

Crime fatalism

Answer

Moral nihilism

Answer

Criminal mentality

Answer

Legal positivism

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a recognized sociological theory of crime causation?

Accepted Answer

Broken Windows Theory

Answer

Social Learning Theory

Answer

Biological Positivism

Answer

Strain Theory

Question 37

Which sociological theory of crime causation emphasizes the role of social and economic inequality in driving individuals towards criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Strain Theory

Answer

Biological Theory

Answer

Labeling Theory

Answer

Control Theory

Question 38

According to Social Learning Theory, how do individuals learn and adopt criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Through observing and imitating the criminal actions of others

Answer

Due to genetic predispositions and inherited traits

Answer

As a result of traumatic experiences and adverse childhood events

Answer

By experiencing social and economic deprivation and lack of opportunities

Question 39

Which factor is considered a protective factor, reducing the likelihood of juvenile delinquency?

Accepted Answer

A stable and supportive family environment

Answer

Low self-esteem and lack of confidence

Answer

Exposure to violence and negative peer influences

Answer

Academic difficulties and low educational attainment

Question 40

The concept of differential association suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Individuals are more likely to engage in criminal behavior if they associate with peers who engage in such behavior.

Answer

Criminals are characterized by specific personality traits and psychological disorders.

Answer

The physical environment plays a significant role in shaping criminal behavior.

Answer

Crimes are primarily motivated by economic deprivation and lack of legitimate opportunities.

Question 41

A criticism of biological theories of crime is that:

Accepted Answer

They tend to oversimplify the complex causes of criminal behavior, neglecting social and environmental factors.

Answer

They fail to account for the role of free will and personal responsibility in criminal actions.

Answer

They stigmatize certain groups of people and reinforce harmful stereotypes.

Answer

They cannot be empirically tested or supported by scientific evidence.

Question 42

Situational theories of crime focus primarily on:

Accepted Answer

The immediate context and environmental factors that directly influence criminal behavior.

Answer

The role of victims and their interactions with offenders in犯罪.

Answer

The psychological characteristics and motivations of individual offenders.

Answer

The long-term social and economic conditions that contribute to crime.

Question 43

A central principle of environmental criminology is that:

Accepted Answer

The physical and social features of the environment can influence and shape criminal behavior.

Answer

Crime is solely caused by poverty, unemployment, and economic inequality.

Answer

Criminals are inherently predisposed to criminal behavior due to biological and genetic factors.

Question 44

According to the principles of crime prevention through environmental design, how can the environment be modified to reduce crime?

Accepted Answer

By increasing natural surveillance, reducing opportunities for concealment, and creating defensible spaces.

Answer

By increasing the number of police officers and law enforcement patrols.

Answer

By providing more social programs and economic opportunities in crime-ridden areas.

Question 45

A major challenge in preventing crime is:

Accepted Answer

The multifaceted and complex nature of crime causation, making it difficult to develop effective and comprehensive prevention strategies.

Answer

Lack of funding and resources allocated to crime prevention programs.

Answer

Public resistance and opposition to crime prevention initiatives.

Answer

Insufficient research and scientific evidence on effective crime prevention measures.

Question 46

Restorative justice, as an alternative approach to criminal justice, emphasizes:

Accepted Answer

Repairing the harm caused by crime, reintegrating offenders into society, and fostering healing for both victims and offenders.

Answer

Punishing offenders to the maximum extent of the law as retribution and deterrence.

Answer

Preventing crime through increased surveillance and strict law enforcement.

Question 47

According to the theory of anomie, crime is more likely to occur in societies where:

Accepted Answer

There is a wide gap between aspirations and opportunities

Answer

The justice system is lenient

Answer

There is a strong sense of community

Question 48

Which of the following economic conditions has been linked to increased crime rates?

Accepted Answer

Unemployment

Answer

Strong economic growth

Answer

Inflation

Answer

High taxes

Question 49

How does psychological research contribute to our understanding of crime causation?

Accepted Answer

It identifies mental disorders or personality traits that may increase the risk of criminal behavior.

Answer

It provides evidence that crime is purely a product of social and environmental factors.

Question 50

Which of the following is a potential limitation of biological theories of crime causation?

Accepted Answer

They can stigmatize individuals with certain genetic traits.

Answer

They are based on rigorous scientific research.

Answer

They provide a comprehensive explanation of all criminal behavior.