DNA and Heredity: The Building Blocks of Animal Life

Question 1

Which statement accurately describes DNA?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the genetic code.

Answer

DNA is a single-stranded molecule.

Answer

DNA is only found in the nucleus of cells.

Answer

DNA is a polymer composed of amino acids.

Question 2

During protein synthesis, what is the function of tRNA?

Accepted Answer

Transporting amino acids to the ribosome for protein assembly

Answer

Binding to mRNA and deciphering genetic code

Answer

Catalysing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

Question 3

Who is credited with proposing the correct double helix structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

James Watson and Francis Crick

Answer

Gregor Mendel

Answer

Charles Darwin

Answer

Rosalind Franklin

Question 4

What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

To carry genetic information

Answer

To provide energy

Answer

To regulate body temperature

Answer

To protect against disease

Question 5

What is the process by which genetic material is passed from parents to offspring?

Accepted Answer

Heredity

Answer

Reproduction

Answer

Meiosis

Answer

Mitosis

Question 6

Which of the following genotypes represents an individual that is homozygous for a dominant trait?

Accepted Answer

AA

Answer

Aa

Answer

aa

Question 7

What is the name of the molecular marker used to identify and distinguish individuals?

Accepted Answer

DNA fingerprint

Answer

Mitochondrial DNA

Answer

RNA sequence

Answer

Chromosomal map

Question 8

What is the term for the complete set of genes in an organism?

Accepted Answer

Genome

Answer

Proteome

Answer

Transcriptome

Answer

Karyotype

Question 9

Which of the following is a technique used in genetic engineering to create copies of a specific gene?

Accepted Answer

Gene cloning

Answer

Polymerase chain reaction

Answer

Genetic screening

Answer

DNA sequencing

Question 10

What is the fundamental unit that carries hereditary information in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Gene

Answer

Cell nucleus

Answer

Chromosome

Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 11

Which of the following accurately describes the shape of a DNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

Double helix

Answer

Linear

Answer

Circular

Answer

Triplex

Question 12

What is the primary function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing new DNA strands

Answer

Unwinding the DNA double helix

Answer

Proofreading and correcting errors

Answer

Separating daughter DNA molecules

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a characteristic that is inherited rather than acquired?

Accepted Answer

Eye color

Answer

Learned behavior

Answer

Physical fitness

Answer

Intelligence

Question 14

What is the term used to describe an organism that has two identical alleles for a specific gene?

Accepted Answer

Homozygous

Answer

Heterozygous

Answer

Recessive

Answer

Dominant

Question 15

In a codon, which of the following is the correct order of nitrogenous bases?

Accepted Answer

TAC

Answer

ACT

Answer

TCA

Answer

CAT

Question 16

What is the process by which DNA creates an identical copy of itself called?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation

Answer

Mutation

Question 17

Who is known as the 'Father of Genetics'?

Accepted Answer

Gregor Mendel

Answer

Charles Darwin

Answer

James Watson

Answer

Francis Crick

Question 18

What is the term used to describe a change in the DNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Answer

Variation

Answer

Recombination

Answer

Segregation

Question 19

Which of the following is not a Mendelian law of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Law of Probability

Answer

Law of Dominance

Answer

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer

Law of Segregation

Question 20

What is the genotype of an individual with two copies of the same dominant allele?

Accepted Answer

Homozygous dominant

Answer

Heterozygous

Answer

Homozygous recessive

Answer

Incomplete dominant

Question 21

Which technique is used to separate DNA fragments based on size?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

Chromatography

Answer

Centrifugation

Answer

Spectrophotometry

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of a trait that is inherited through genes located on the sex chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Haemophilia

Answer

Eye colour

Answer

Hair colour

Answer

Height

Question 23

How do environmental factors influence genetics?

Accepted Answer

By affecting how genes are expressed

Answer

By changing the DNA sequence

Answer

By creating new alleles

Answer

By repairing damaged DNA

Question 24

A couple are both carriers of a recessive genetic disorder. What is the chance their first child will inherit the disorder?

Accepted Answer

25%

Answer

0%

Answer

50%

Answer

100%

Question 25

Which molecules store genetic information in cells?

Accepted Answer

A. DNA and RNA

Answer

B. Carbohydrates and proteins

Answer

C. Lipids and minerals

Answer

D. Vitamins and water

Question 26

What is the three-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

B. Double helix

Answer

A. Single helix

Answer

C. Triple helix

Answer

D. Quadruple helix

Question 27

Which process creates new DNA molecules?

Accepted Answer

C. DNA replication

Answer

A. Mitosis

Answer

B. Meiosis

Answer

D. Transcription

Question 28

What is the definition of a gene?

Accepted Answer

A. A region of DNA that codes for a specific protein

Answer

B. A molecule of RNA

Answer

C. A type of enzyme

Answer

D. A cell organelle

Question 29

What term refers to an alternative form of a gene?

Accepted Answer

C. Allele

Answer

A. Phenotype

Answer

B. Genotype

Answer

D. Mutation

Question 30

What is the genotype of an individual who displays the dominant trait but carries a recessive allele?

Accepted Answer

B. Aa

Answer

A. AA

Answer

C. aa

Answer

D. AaBb

Question 31

What is the term for a deliberate alteration made to an organism's DNA?

Accepted Answer

A. Genetic modification

Answer

B. Mutation

Answer

C. Selective breeding

Answer

D. Cloning

Question 32

How do genetic counselors use genetics principles to evaluate the likelihood of a genetic disorder being passed on to children in a family?

Accepted Answer

Analyzing family history through pedigrees

Answer

Examining DNA sequences

Answer

Studying chromosomes through karyotyping

Question 33

Analyze the pedigree chart below, which tracks the inheritance of a recessive trait in a family. What is the most likely mode of inheritance for this trait?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal recessive

Answer

Autosomal dominant

Answer

X-linked dominant

Answer

X-linked recessive

Question 34

Which of these methods is NOT employed in genetic counseling?

Accepted Answer

Biopsy

Answer

Pedigree analysis

Answer

Karyotyping

Answer

Molecular diagnostics

Question 35

The basic unit of heredity that contains the genetic information is the:

Accepted Answer

Gene

Answer

Chromosome

Answer

Nucleotide

Answer

Allele

Question 36

The DNA molecule has a shape known as a:

Accepted Answer

Double helix

Answer

Single helix

Answer

Circular

Answer

Linear

Question 37

The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA is attributed to which scientists?

Accepted Answer

James Watson and Francis Crick

Answer

Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel

Answer

Louis Pasteur and Robert Hooke

Answer

Gregor Mendel and James Watson

Question 38

In protein synthesis, RNA acts as a:

Accepted Answer

Carrier of genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

Answer

Assembler of amino acids into proteins

Answer

Provider of energy for the cell

Answer

Storer of genetic information

Question 39

An individual who shows both dominant and recessive traits for a particular characteristic is said to be:

Accepted Answer

Heterozygous

Answer

Homozygous dominant

Answer

Homozygous recessive

Answer

Incomplete dominant

Question 40

Which technique is commonly used to separate DNA fragments?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer

DNA fingerprinting

Answer

Chromatography

Question 41

What is the primary function of the double helix structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

To store and transmit genetic information

Answer

To provide structural support for the cell

Answer

To transport genetic material

Answer

To regulate cell division

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil (U)

Answer

Adenine (A)

Answer

Thymine (T)

Answer

Guanine (G)

Question 43

What is the process by which DNA is copied during cell division called?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Answer

Translation

Answer

Mutation

Answer

Transcription

Question 44

What is the primary role of RNA in the process of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

To carry the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes

Answer

To store genetic information

Answer

To regulate gene expression

Question 45

Describe the difference between genotype and phenotype.

Accepted Answer

Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to its observable characteristics.

Answer

Genotype and phenotype are the same

Answer

Genotype refers to the physical appearance, while phenotype refers to the genetic makeup

Question 46

What is the central principle of Mendelian inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Traits are passed down from parents to offspring in predictable patterns

Answer

Traits are acquired during an organism's lifetime

Answer

Traits are completely random

Question 47

How can genetic engineering be utilized in animal breeding?

Accepted Answer

By introducing desirable genes or modifying existing genes

Answer

By solely preventing genetic disorders

Answer

By creating completely new species of animals

Question 48

What is a primary ethical concern associated with genetically modifying animals?

Accepted Answer

Unintended consequences for animal welfare and the environment

Answer

The high cost of genetic engineering

Answer

Difficulty in obtaining informed consent from animals

Question 49

Describe the structure of DNA.

Accepted Answer

A double helix resembling a twisted ladder.

Answer

A straight, repeating chain of nucleotides.

Answer

A branched, complex chain of amino acids.

Question 50

What nitrogenous bases comprise DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

Answer

Peptides

Answer

Ribonucleic acids

Question 51

Who discovered the double helix structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

James Watson and Francis Crick

Answer

Frederick Sanger and Walter Gilbert

Answer

Gregor Mendel and Charles Darwin

Answer

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

Question 52

What is a change in the DNA sequence called?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Answer

Translation

Answer

Recombination

Answer

Transcription

Question 53

Which principle states that offspring inherit half of their genetic material from each parent?

Accepted Answer

Mendelian inheritance

Answer

Natural selection

Answer

Punnett square

Answer

Genetic recombination

Question 54

Which trait is an example of a dominant trait?

Accepted Answer

Brown eyes

Answer

Incomplete dominance

Answer

Blue eyes

Answer

Recessive trait

Question 55

What process creates a complementary RNA molecule from DNA?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Answer

Replication

Answer

Translation

Answer

Mutation

Question 56

Arrange the events of gene expression in correct order.

Accepted Answer

Transcription, translation, protein synthesis

Answer

Translation, transcription, protein synthesis

Answer

Protein synthesis, transcription, translation

Answer

Transcription, protein synthesis, translation