Molecular Genetics: Unraveling the Secrets of DNA and RNA

Question 1

What is the complementary base pair to cytosine in RNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil

Answer

Adenine

Answer

Thymine

Answer

Guanine

Question 2

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during transcription?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Ligase

Answer

Exonuclease

Question 3

What is the primary function of a ribosome in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

To assemble amino acids into proteins

Answer

To transcribe DNA

Answer

To translate mRNA

Answer

To splice RNA

Question 4

What is the term for the process by which genetic information is passed from parents to offspring?

Accepted Answer

Inheritance

Answer

Replication

Answer

Mutation

Answer

Recombination

Question 5

Which technique is commonly used to separate DNA fragments based on size?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

PCR

Answer

DNA sequencing

Answer

Microarray

Question 6

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA → RNA → Protein

Answer

Protein → RNA → DNA

Answer

RNA → DNA → Protein

Answer

DNA → Protein → RNA

Question 7

Which type of RNA molecule is primarily involved in carrying amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Answer

rRNA

Answer

snRNA

Answer

mRNA

Question 8

What is the main function of CRISPR-Cas9 in the context of gene editing?

Accepted Answer

To cut DNA at specific sequences

Answer

To amplify DNA

Answer

To repair damaged DNA

Answer

To transcribe RNA

Question 9

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

DNA polymerase

Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Ligase

Question 10

What is the primary role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

To carry amino acids to the ribosome

Answer

To translate the genetic code into a protein sequence

Answer

To assist in the formation of peptide bonds

Answer

To regulate gene expression

Question 11

Which of the following is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene?

Accepted Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Cancer

Answer

Heart disease

Question 12

What is a potential ethical concern associated with using genetic testing to predict disease risk?

Accepted Answer

It can lead to genetic discrimination

Answer

It can provide individuals with valuable health information

Answer

It can reduce healthcare costs

Answer

It has no ethical implications

Question 13

Which technology is used to determine the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

DNA sequencing

Answer

PCR

Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

Microscopy

Question 14

What is the distinction between a genotype and a phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to the observable traits

Answer

Phenotype refers to the genetic makeup, while genotype refers to the observable traits

Answer

Genotype and phenotype are synonymous terms

Answer

Genotype refers to the environment, while phenotype refers to the genes

Question 15

Which of the following is not considered a function of RNA?

Accepted Answer

Energy storage

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation

Answer

Gene regulation

Question 16

What is the primary function of CRISPR-Cas9 in genome editing?

Accepted Answer

To cut DNA at specific sequences

Answer

To insert new genes into the genome

Answer

To repair damaged DNA

Answer

To regulate gene expression

Question 17

Which nitrogenous base is NOT present in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil

Answer

Adenine

Answer

Thymine

Answer

Guanine

Question 18

What is the primary function of RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

To synthesize complementary mRNA strands

Answer

To unwind the DNA double helix

Answer

To join RNA nucleotides together

Answer

To translate mRNA into proteins

Question 19

What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

To join DNA nucleotides together

Answer

To unwind the DNA double helix

Answer

To synthesize new DNA strands

Answer

To translate DNA into proteins

Question 20

Describe the distinction between a gene and an allele.

Accepted Answer

A gene is a specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein, while an allele is one of several alternative forms of that gene.

Answer

An allele is a specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein, while a gene is one of several alternative forms of that allele.

Answer

A gene is a chromosome, while an allele is a different form of a chromosome.

Answer

They are identical.

Question 21

What is the primary purpose of the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

To define the sequence of amino acids in proteins

Answer

To regulate gene expression

Answer

To repair damaged DNA

Answer

To store genetic information

Question 22

Which of the following represents the correct order of molecular size, from smallest to largest?

Accepted Answer

Nucleotide, Gene, Chromosome

Answer

Chromosome, Gene, Nucleotide

Answer

Gene, Nucleotide, Chromosome

Answer

Chromosome, Nucleotide, Gene

Question 23

What is the complementary base sequence to TACGGCAT in DNA?

Accepted Answer

ATGCCGGA

Answer

GTATCGTA

Answer

UACGCCAU

Answer

TAGCGCUA

Question 24

Which of the following is a non-coding region of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Intron

Answer

Exon

Answer

Promoter

Answer

Terminator

Question 25

What is the primary function of RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

To transcribe DNA into RNA

Answer

To translate RNA into protein

Answer

To replicate DNA

Answer

To repair damaged DNA

Question 26

What is a key function of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?

Accepted Answer

To cut DNA at specific sequences

Answer

To join DNA fragments together

Answer

To amplify DNA

Answer

To sequence DNA

Question 27

Describe the difference between genotype and phenotype.

Accepted Answer

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype refers to its observable characteristics.

Answer

Phenotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while genotype refers to its observable characteristics.

Answer

Both genotype and phenotype refer to the same thing.

Answer

Genotype is only found in plants, while phenotype is only found in animals.

Question 28

Which of the following is a potential ethical concern associated with genetic testing?

Accepted Answer

Discrimination

Accepted Answer

Loss of privacy

Accepted Answer

Increased anxiety

Answer

Increased healthcare costs

Question 29

How does epigenetics potentially affect phenotypic variation and disease susceptibility?

Accepted Answer

It can alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.

Answer

It always leads to harmful traits and diseases.

Answer

It is only influenced by environmental factors.

Answer

It has no impact on phenotypic variation.

Question 30

According to the base pairing rule in DNA, which base pairs with adenine?

Accepted Answer

Thymine

Answer

Cytosine

Answer

Guanine

Answer

Uracil

Question 31

Which type of RNA carries the genetic instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Answer

tRNA

Answer

rRNA

Answer

snRNA

Question 32

What is the process by which DNA creates an identical copy of itself?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation

Answer

Mutation

Question 33

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

Primase

Answer

Polymerase

Answer

Ligase

Question 34

What is the name of the genetic code that determines the order of amino acids in proteins?

Accepted Answer

Codon

Answer

Anticodon

Answer

Promoter

Answer

Terminator

Question 35

What is the primary role of CRISPR-Cas9 in gene editing?

Accepted Answer

To make precise cuts in DNA at specific sequences

Answer

To amplify DNA

Answer

To repair DNA damage

Answer

To sequence DNA

Question 36

Which ethical concern is most closely associated with the use of gene editing in humans?

Accepted Answer

Germline modifications

Answer

Unintended consequences

Answer

Access and equity

Answer

Environmental impact

Question 37

What is the difference between an organism's genotype and its phenotype?

Accepted Answer

The genotype is the genetic makeup, while the phenotype is the observable traits.

Answer

The genotype is the observable traits, while the phenotype is the genetic makeup.

Answer

They refer to the same concept.

Answer

Neither genotype nor phenotype is directly observable.

Question 38

The correct sequence of nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule is:

Accepted Answer

ATCGU

Answer

TAGCU

Answer

UACGT

Answer

CGUAT

Question 39

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

DNA polymerase

Answer

Ligase

Answer

Primase

Question 40

What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Carrying amino acids to the ribosome

Answer

Decoding the genetic information in mRNA

Answer

Catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds

Answer

Proofreading the newly synthesized protein

Question 41

What process involves the regulation of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Gene regulation

Answer

Translation

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Replication

Question 42

Which technique is used to cut DNA at specific sequences?

Accepted Answer

Restriction enzymes

Answer

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

DNA sequencing

Question 43

Which ethical concern is commonly associated with genetic testing?

Accepted Answer

Potential discrimination based on genetic information

Answer

Uncertainty about the accuracy of genetic tests

Answer

High cost of genetic testing

Answer

Lack of access to genetic testing for all individuals

Question 44

Genetic engineering has various applications. Which of the following is NOT an application of genetic engineering?

Accepted Answer

Identification of criminals

Answer

Production of pest-resistant crops

Answer

Treatment of genetic diseases

Answer

Development of vaccines

Question 45

What is the distinction between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to its observable traits.

Answer

Genotype refers to an organism's observable traits, while phenotype refers to its genetic makeup.

Answer

Genotype and phenotype represent the same concept.

Answer

Genotype is a concept exclusive to plants, and phenotype is exclusive to animals.

Question 46

Which of the following describes a gene mutation?

Accepted Answer

A change in the DNA sequence

Answer

An alteration in the number of chromosomes

Answer

A modification in the structure of a protein

Answer

A variation in the expression of a gene

Question 47

Which of the following represents the correct order of nitrogenous bases in a codon, read from the 5' end to the 3' end?

Accepted Answer

5'-3'

Answer

3'-5'

Answer

5'-2'

Question 48

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for separating the two strands of the DNA helix during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

Polymerase

Answer

Ligase

Answer

Primase

Question 49

What is the primary function of ribosomes in the process of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids, assembling them into a polypeptide chain.

Answer

To unwind the DNA helix.

Answer

To add a poly-A tail to mRNA.

Answer

To synthesize mRNA from DNA.

Question 50

What is the term used to describe the process by which gene expression is suppressed or turned off?

Accepted Answer

Gene silencing

Answer

Gene regulation

Answer

Gene mutation

Answer

Gene expression

Question 51

What was the primary objective of the Human Genome Project?

Accepted Answer

To determine the complete DNA sequence of the human genome.

Answer

To develop new gene therapies.

Answer

To study genetic variation in human populations.