Advanced Genetics: Beyond Mendelian Principles

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an example of multiple alleles?

Accepted Answer

Height

Answer

Blood types (ABO system)

Answer

Hair color

Answer

Eye color

Question 2

In a case of incomplete dominance, the homozygous dominant genotype will have a phenotype that is:

Accepted Answer

Identical to the heterozygous genotype

Answer

Different from the heterozygous genotype

Answer

Intermediate between the heterozygous and homozygous recessive genotypes

Answer

The same as the homozygous recessive genotype

Question 3

A gene that exists in multiple allelic forms is called a:

Accepted Answer

Polymorphic gene

Answer

Monomorphic gene

Answer

Dominant gene

Answer

Recessive gene

Question 4

Which trait is NOT inherited in a sex-linked pattern?

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Red-green color blindness

Answer

Hemophilia

Answer

Muscular dystrophy

Question 5

The inheritance pattern of sex-linked traits is:

Accepted Answer

Dependent on the sex of the individual

Answer

The same in males and females

Answer

Influenced by environmental factors

Answer

Predictable based solely on the genotypes of the parents

Question 6

The gene responsible for cystic fibrosis is an example of an:

Accepted Answer

Autosomal recessive gene

Answer

Autosomal dominant gene

Answer

X-linked dominant gene

Answer

Y-linked gene

Question 7

Which of the following is a defining feature of multiple alleles?

Accepted Answer

A gene may have multiple alternative forms, each with its own phenotypic effect.

Answer

Different alleles of a gene always have the same phenotypic effect.

Answer

Multiple alleles are always located on different chromosomes.

Answer

Multiple alleles are only found in recessive traits.

Question 8

Which of the following genetic disorders is an example of a sex-linked recessive trait?

Accepted Answer

Hemophilia

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Huntington's disease

Answer

Down syndrome

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of studying non-Mendelian genetics?

Accepted Answer

Increased knowledge of basic Mendelian principles

Answer

Improved understanding of complex genetic diseases

Answer

Development of personalized treatments for genetic disorders

Answer

Enhanced ability to predict inheritance patterns

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a type of non-Mendelian inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Independent assortment

Answer

Incomplete dominance

Answer

Codominance

Answer

Multiple alleles

Question 11

Which of the following is a characteristic of sex-linked inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Traits are expressed differently in males and females.

Answer

Traits are inherited only from the mother.

Answer

Traits are inherited only from the father.

Answer

Traits are located on autosomes.

Question 12

A female carrier of a recessive sex-linked trait has:

Accepted Answer

One dominant and one recessive allele on the X chromosome.

Answer

Two dominant alleles on the X chromosome.

Answer

Two recessive alleles on the X chromosome.

Answer

One dominant allele on the X chromosome and one recessive allele on the Y chromosome.

Question 13

Which of the following is a potential implication of non-Mendelian inheritance for genetic variation?

Accepted Answer

Increased genetic diversity

Answer

Reduced genetic diversity

Answer

No significant impact on genetic diversity

Answer

Increased risk of genetic disorders

Question 14

Which of the following is a limitation of non-Mendelian genetics?

Accepted Answer

It does not provide a complete explanation of all inheritance patterns.

Answer

It can only be applied to human genetics.

Answer

It is too complex to be understood by students.

Answer

It is not applicable to any real-world scenarios.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

Neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a phenotype that is a blend of both alleles.

Answer

One allele is dominant, resulting in a phenotype that is a blend of both alleles.

Answer

Both alleles are dominant, resulting in a distinct phenotype.

Answer

Both alleles are recessive, resulting in a phenotype that is a blend of both alleles.

Question 16

Which of the following is a trait of sex-linked recessive inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Males are more frequently affected than females.

Answer

Question 17

When a homozygous red-flowered plant is crossed with a homozygous white-flowered plant, and inheritance is codominant, the offspring will display:

Accepted Answer

Flowers with both red and white spots or stripes.

Answer

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a non-Mendelian inheritance pattern?

Accepted Answer

Dihybrid inheritance

Answer

Incomplete dominance

Answer

Codominance

Answer

Multiple alleles

Question 19

In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous genotype exhibits a phenotype that is:

Accepted Answer

Intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes

Answer

A blend of the two homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Identical to one of the homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Completely different from both homozygous phenotypes

Question 20

Codominance is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

The expression of both alleles in the heterozygous genotype

Answer

The dominance of one allele over the other in the heterozygous genotype

Answer

The absence of a dominant allele in the heterozygous genotype

Answer

The complete suppression of one allele by the other in the heterozygous genotype

Question 21

An example of multiple alleles is:

Accepted Answer

Blood groups

Answer

Eye colour

Answer

Height

Answer

Handedness

Question 22

Sex-linked inheritance refers to the inheritance of genes located on:

Accepted Answer

Sex chromosomes

Answer

Autosomes

Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Chloroplasts

Question 23

Haemophilia is an example of a disorder caused by a recessive allele on:

Accepted Answer

The X chromosome

Answer

The Y chromosome

Answer

An autosome

Answer

A sex chromosome

Question 24

In snapdragons, incomplete dominance occurs between the allele for red flowers (R) and the allele for white flowers (r). Which genotype produces pink flowers?

Accepted Answer

Rr

Answer

RR

Answer

rr

Question 25

Which of the following is a characteristic of incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

The heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes

Answer

The heterozygous phenotype is identical to one of the homozygous phenotypes

Answer

The heterozygous phenotype is a completely new phenotype not seen in the homozygotes

Answer

The heterozygous phenotype is always intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of sex-linked inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Haemophilia

Answer

ABO blood groups

Answer

Phenylketonuria

Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Question 27

Which of the following is an implication of non-Mendelian inheritance for genetic variation?

Accepted Answer

It increases genetic variation by creating new phenotypes

Answer

It reduces genetic variation by eliminating recessive alleles

Answer

It has no effect on genetic variation

Answer

It only affects the inheritance of sex-linked traits

Question 28

Which of the following techniques is used to study non-Mendelian inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Pedigree analysis

Answer

DNA fingerprinting

Answer

Karyotyping

Answer

Microscopy

Question 29

Multiple alleles are found at:

Accepted Answer

The same locus on the same chromosome

Answer

Different loci on the same chromosome

Answer

The same locus on different chromosomes

Answer

Different loci on different chromosomes

Question 30

In codominance, heterozygotes:

Accepted Answer

Express both alleles distinctly, resulting in separate phenotypic traits.

Answer

Display a phenotype that is a combination of the homozygous phenotypes.

Answer

Possess a phenotype identical to one of the homozygous parents.

Answer

Exhibit a phenotype that differs from both homozygous parents.

Question 31

In sex-linked inheritance, males typically:

Accepted Answer

Have one copy of the X chromosome and one copy of the Y chromosome.

Answer

Possess two copies of the X chromosome.

Answer

Carry two copies of the Y chromosome.

Answer

Lack sex chromosomes entirely.

Question 32

Which genotype in humans is associated with red-green color blindness?

Accepted Answer

XrY

Answer

XRXR

Answer

XrXr

Answer

XRXr

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that can contribute to non-Mendelian inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Answer

Incomplete dominance

Answer

Gene regulation

Answer

Epigenetics

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT considered a type of non-Mendelian inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Monogenic inheritance

Answer

Incomplete dominance

Answer

Codominance

Answer

Polygenic inheritance

Question 35

In incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype:

Accepted Answer

Is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.

Answer

Is dominant over both homozygous phenotypes.

Answer

Is recessive to both homozygous phenotypes.

Answer

Is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes.

Question 36

Codominance is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Both alleles being fully expressed in the heterozygous genotype.

Answer

One allele being completely dominant over the other in the heterozygous genotype.

Answer

The heterozygous genotype expressing a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.

Answer

The heterozygous genotype expressing a phenotype that is different from both homozygous phenotypes.

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of a multiple allele system?

Accepted Answer

ABO blood group system

Answer

Sex determination in humans

Answer

Eye colour in humans

Answer

Height in humans

Question 38

A female who is heterozygous for a sex-linked recessive trait will:

Accepted Answer

Be a carrier for the trait.

Answer

Express the trait.

Answer

Be homozygous for the trait.

Answer

Not transmit the trait to her sons.

Question 39

Non-Mendelian inheritance is particularly important in the field of:

Accepted Answer

Medical genetics

Answer

Forensic science

Answer

Evolutionary biology

Answer

Plant breeding

Question 40

Which of the following is **not** a non-Mendelian inheritance pattern?

Accepted Answer

Epistasis

Answer

Incomplete dominance

Answer

Codominance

Answer

Multiple alleles

Question 41

In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is:

Accepted Answer

Intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Identical to one of the homozygous phenotypes

Answer

A unique blend of the two homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Completely different from either homozygous phenotype

Question 42

Multiple alleles exist in a population when:

Accepted Answer

There are more than two alleles for a particular gene

Answer

There are only two alleles for a particular gene

Answer

All individuals in the population have the same alleles

Answer

There are no mutations in the population

Question 43

Which of the following is **not** a characteristic of non-Mendelian inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Predictability of inheritance patterns

Answer

Deviation from Mendelian ratios

Answer

Absence of dominant and recessive alleles

Answer

Increased genetic variation

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

The F1 generation shows a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes.

Answer

Heterozygotes have a phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygotes.

Answer

Homozygotes have distinct phenotypes.

Answer

The F2 generation shows a 1:2:1 ratio of dominant, intermediate, and recessive phenotypes.

Question 45

In codominance, what occurs in heterozygotes?

Accepted Answer

Both alleles are fully expressed, resulting in a distinct phenotype.

Answer

The dominant allele masks the expression of the recessive allele.

Answer

The heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype.

Answer

The recessive allele is only expressed in the homozygote.

Question 46

Which of the following is an example of a genetic disorder primarily caused by a sex-linked recessive allele?

Accepted Answer

Hemophilia

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Huntington's disease

Question 47

Which blood type is an illustration of codominance?

Accepted Answer

AB

Answer

A

Answer

B

Answer

O

Question 48

Which statement about multiple alleles is accurate?

Accepted Answer

Multiple alleles exist when there are more than two alternative forms of a gene.

Answer

There can only be two alleles for a particular gene.

Answer

Only dominant alleles can exist as multiple alleles.

Answer

Multiple alleles are exclusively found in humans.

Question 49

What is the probability of a child inheriting both recessive alleles for a gene from two heterozygous parents?

Accepted Answer

1/16

Answer

1/4

Answer

1/2

Answer

1/8

Question 50

Which of the following traits is an example of an autosomal dominant trait?

Accepted Answer

Brown eyes

Answer

Red-green color blindness

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Answer

Hemophilia

Question 51

What is the fundamental difference between a heterozygote and a homozygote?

Accepted Answer

Heterozygotes have two different alleles for a particular gene, while homozygotes have identical alleles.

Answer

Homozygotes have two different alleles for a particular gene, while heterozygotes have identical alleles.

Answer

Heterozygotes have three alleles for a particular gene, while homozygotes have two.

Answer

Homozygotes and heterozygotes have the same number of alleles for a particular gene.