Justification and Evidence: Interactive Learning Quizzes for Year 13 Philosophy

Question 1

Which logical fallacy involves making a broad generalization based on a limited number of examples?

Accepted Answer

Hasty generalization

Answer

Circular reasoning

Answer

Appeal to emotion

Answer

Straw man

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of a valid deductive argument?

Accepted Answer

All humans are mortal. Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

Answer

All dogs are mammals. My pet is a dog. Therefore, my pet is a mammal.

Answer

Some fruits are sweet. Bananas are fruits. Therefore, all bananas are sweet.

Answer

No birds can fly. Penguins cannot fly. Therefore, penguins are not birds.

Question 3

What is the primary purpose of an argument map?

Accepted Answer

To visually represent the logical structure of an argument

Answer

To identify any logical fallacies present

Answer

To determine the strength of an argument

Answer

To generate new arguments

Question 4

What is the difference between a necessary and a sufficient condition?

Accepted Answer

A sufficient condition is always necessary, but a necessary condition is not always sufficient.

Answer

A necessary condition is always sufficient, but a sufficient condition is not always necessary.

Answer

Both necessary and sufficient conditions are interchangeable.

Answer

Neither necessary nor sufficient conditions are necessary or sufficient.

Question 5

What is the significance of the principle of non-contradiction in philosophical reasoning?

Accepted Answer

It prevents arguments from containing contradictory statements.

Answer

It provides a basis for determining the truth value of propositions.

Answer

It establishes the relationship between necessary and sufficient conditions.

Answer

It allows us to make inferences about the future.

Question 6

According to empiricism, what is the foundation of knowledge?

Accepted Answer

Sensory experience

Answer

Logical reasoning

Answer

Intuition

Answer

Revelation

Question 7

What is the main distinction between an a priori and an a posteriori statement?

Accepted Answer

A priori statements are known independently of experience, while a posteriori statements are derived from experience.

Answer

A posteriori statements are known independently of experience, while a priori statements are derived from experience.

Answer

There is no meaningful difference between an a priori and an a posteriori statement.

Answer

A priori statements are about the future, while a posteriori statements are about the past.

Question 8

According to Karl Popper, what is the primary function of falsification in science?

Accepted Answer

To provide a means of disproving scientific theories

Answer

To establish the certainty of scientific theories

Answer

To confirm scientific theories

Answer

To generate new scientific theories

Question 9

What is the key difference between a synthetic and an analytic statement?

Accepted Answer

An analytic statement is true by virtue of its meaning, while a synthetic statement is true by virtue of the world.

Answer

A synthetic statement is true by virtue of its meaning, while an analytic statement is true by virtue of the world.

Answer

There is no meaningful difference between a synthetic and an analytic statement.

Answer

A synthetic statement is about the future, while an analytic statement is about the past.

Question 10

Which of the following is a virtue epistemic theory of knowledge?

Accepted Answer

Knowledge is a reliable belief formed in accordance with virtue.

Answer

Knowledge is justified true belief.

Answer

Knowledge is a belief supported by strong evidence.

Answer

Knowledge is a belief held with certainty.

Question 11

According to the deductive model of justification, a belief is justified if:

Accepted Answer

It is derived logically from true premises.

Answer

It is supported by evidence.

Answer

It is widely held.

Answer

It is personally meaningful.

Question 12

Which of the following is considered a valid argument form?

Accepted Answer

Modus Ponens

Answer

Affirming the Consequent

Answer

Ad Hominem

Answer

Straw Man

Question 13

What is the primary function of a counterexample?

Accepted Answer

To refute a claim.

Answer

To provide additional evidence for a claim.

Answer

To strengthen an argument.

Answer

To illustrate a logical fallacy.

Question 14

According to the coherence theory of justification, beliefs are justified if:

Accepted Answer

They cohere with one another.

Answer

They are supported by sensory experience.

Answer

They are widely accepted.

Answer

They have been arrived at through a rational process.

Question 15

What is the fallacy of affirming the consequent?

Accepted Answer

Assuming that if the conclusion of an argument is true, the premises must also be true.

Answer

Assuming that if the premises of an argument are true, the conclusion must also be true.

Answer

Assuming that if an argument reaches a conclusion, the premises are irrelevant.

Answer

Assuming that if an argument appears persuasive, the conclusion is necessarily true.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a common criterion for evaluating the reliability of evidence?

Accepted Answer

popularity

Answer

Accuracy

Answer

Relevance

Answer

Sufficiency

Question 17

What is the term used to describe the process of providing reasons or arguments to support a belief?

Accepted Answer

Justification

Answer

Deduction

Answer

Induction

Answer

Falsification

Question 18

Which of the following is considered a particular strength of inductive reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Can be used to create new knowledge

Answer

Provides absolute certainty

Answer

Guarantees the truth of its conclusions

Answer

Is always valid

Question 19

What is the fallacy known as 'begging the question'?

Accepted Answer

Assuming the truth of the conclusion in the premises

Answer

Appealing to emotion rather than reason

Answer

Using a false analogy

Answer

Drawing a hasty generalization

Question 20

What is the primary distinction between deductive and inductive arguments?

Accepted Answer

Deductive arguments are always valid, while inductive arguments are not.

Answer

Inductive arguments provide absolute certainty, while deductive arguments do not.

Answer

Deductive arguments rely on empirical evidence, while inductive arguments do not.

Answer

There is no meaningful difference between deductive and inductive arguments.

Question 21

Identify the characteristic of strong evidence.

Accepted Answer

Reliability

Answer

Validity

Answer

Neutrality

Answer

Persuasiveness

Question 22

Which of the following is not a type of logical fallacy?

Accepted Answer

Sound conclusion

Answer

Ad hominem

Answer

Appeal to authority

Answer

Affirming the consequent

Question 23

What is the primary role of evidence in justification?

Accepted Answer

Evidence provides support for beliefs and claims, making them more reasonable to hold.

Answer

Evidence allows us to establish beliefs and claims as absolutely true.

Answer

Evidence has no bearing on justification.

Answer

Evidence can only be used to disprove beliefs and claims.

Question 24

Differentiate between internal and external evidence.

Accepted Answer

Internal evidence is found within a text or argument, while external evidence is found outside of it.

Answer

External evidence is found within a text or argument, while internal evidence is found outside of it.

Answer

Internal evidence supports a claim, while external evidence refutes a claim.

Answer

External evidence supports a claim, while internal evidence refutes a claim.

Question 25

What is the fundamental distinction between a belief and a claim?

Accepted Answer

A belief is a proposition considered true, while a claim is a proposition presented for debate or discussion.

Answer

A claim is a proposition considered true, while a belief is a proposition presented for debate or discussion.

Answer

A belief is a proposition supported by evidence, while a claim is a proposition not supported by evidence.

Answer

A claim is a proposition supported by evidence, while a belief is a proposition not supported by evidence.

Question 26

What is the primary purpose of citing evidence in support of an argument?

Accepted Answer

To enhance the argument's credibility and persuasiveness

Answer

To make the argument more entertaining

Answer

To fulfill a requirement for completing an assignment

Question 27

Which of the following is a key criterion when evaluating the reliability of evidence?

Accepted Answer

Relevance to the claim being made

Answer

Popularity of the source

Answer

Length of the citation

Answer

Author's personal beliefs

Question 28

Define a fallacy.

Accepted Answer

An error in reasoning that leads to an invalid argument

Answer

A type of persuasive strategy

Answer

A piece of false evidence

Question 29

Identify an example of a widely recognized logical fallacy.

Accepted Answer

Ad hominem

Answer

Empirical evidence

Answer

Deductive argument

Answer

Valid reasoning

Question 30

Explain the role of justification in philosophical discourse.

Accepted Answer

Justification involves providing reasons, evidence, or arguments to support and validate a claim or position.

Answer

Justification is the process of proving a claim to be absolutely true and indisputable

Answer

Justification serves solely to make a claim more persuasive to others

Question 31

Distinguish between a claim and an argument.

Accepted Answer

A claim is a proposition asserted as true, while an argument is a set of statements offering reasons and evidence to support a claim.

Answer

A claim can never be true, but an argument can

Question 32

Define the concept of the burden of proof.

Accepted Answer

The responsibility to provide evidence and reasons to support a claim or assertion

Answer

The duty to disprove a claim that has been made

Answer

The obligation to accept a claim as true unless proven otherwise

Question 33

Which of the following is a characteristic of good evidence?

Accepted Answer

It is relevant, reliable, sufficient, and unbiased.

Answer

It is presented by an expert.

Answer

It is consistent with our prior beliefs.

Answer

It is easy to obtain.

Question 34

To justify a belief, it is necessary to:

Accepted Answer

Provide evidence that supports the belief and address counterarguments.

Answer

Prove the belief beyond all doubt.

Answer

Ignore any evidence that contradicts the belief.

Answer

Redefine the belief so that it is self-evident.

Question 35

What is the purpose of a counterargument?

Accepted Answer

To challenge a belief and its supporting evidence by presenting an alternative perspective.

Answer

To restate the belief in different words.

Answer

To support a belief with additional evidence.

Answer

To prove that the belief is wrong.

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of a logical fallacy?

Accepted Answer

Ad hominem: Attacking the person making an argument rather than the argument itself.

Answer

Empirical evidence

Answer

Analogy

Answer

Testimonial evidence

Question 37

What is the difference between an inductive and deductive argument?

Accepted Answer

An inductive argument draws a general conclusion from specific evidence, while a deductive argument draws a specific conclusion from general premises.

Answer

A deductive argument can be used to prove a belief, while an inductive argument cannot.

Answer

An inductive argument is based on empirical evidence, while a deductive argument is based on logical reasoning.

Answer

An inductive argument is more likely to be true than a deductive argument.

Question 38

What is the purpose of a syllogism?

Accepted Answer

To present a logical argument consisting of two premises and a conclusion.

Answer

To provide evidence for a belief.

Answer

To challenge a belief.

Answer

To restate a belief in different words.

Question 39

Which of the following is a type of cognitive bias that can affect our ability to evaluate evidence fairly?

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias: The tendency to seek out and interpret evidence that confirms our existing beliefs.

Answer

Syllogism

Answer

Logical fallacy

Answer

Deductive argument

Question 40

What is the best way to avoid being misled by biased evidence?

Accepted Answer

Be aware of your own biases, seek out evidence from multiple sources, and critically evaluate the reliability and relevance of the evidence.

Answer

Only consider evidence that supports your existing beliefs.

Answer

Rely on experts to provide you with unbiased information.

Answer

Ignore any evidence that contradicts your beliefs.