Crime and Deviance: Causes, Consequences, and Theories

Question 1

How can Hirschi's Social Control Theory guide policies for preventing crime and rehabilitating offenders?

Accepted Answer

Strengthening family and community connections, and promoting social skills and positive peer relationships.

Answer

Increasing police presence and surveillance, and focusing on punishment and deterrence.

Answer

Changing individual attitudes and beliefs through rehabilitation programs.

Question 2

According to Hirschi's Social Control Theory, how do strong attachments to family, school, and community influence the likelihood of engaging in crime or deviant behavior?

Accepted Answer

Strong attachments lead to a lower likelihood of crime, as individuals feel more connected to society.

Answer

Strong attachments lead to a higher likelihood of crime, as individuals feel less connected to society.

Answer

Social bonds have no significant influence on behavior.

Question 3

According to Hirschi's Social Control Theory, what is the primary cause of crime?

Accepted Answer

Weak social bonds and self-interest

Answer

Moral decay and lack of religion

Answer

Natural inclination to commit crimes and societal punishment as a deterrent

Answer

Focus on explaining only white-collar crimes

Question 4

How do social change and economic conditions influence the effectiveness of social control mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

They can either increase or decrease effectiveness.

Answer

They have no impact.

Answer

They always reduce effectiveness.

Answer

They only affect informal social control mechanisms.

Question 5

How does social capital influence the effectiveness of Hirschi's Social Control Theory in explaining the link between social bonds and crime?

Accepted Answer

Social capital can both strengthen and weaken social bonds, affecting the theory's effectiveness in different situations.

Answer

Social capital has no impact on the effectiveness of Social Control Theory.

Answer

Social capital always strengthens social bonds, making the theory more effective.

Answer

Social capital always weakens social bonds, making the theory less effective.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a central concept in sociological theories of crime and deviance?

Accepted Answer

Biological determinism

Answer

Social Control

Answer

Social Learning

Answer

Rational Choice

Question 7

The concept of 'moral panic' refers to:

Accepted Answer

A sudden and widespread public reaction to a perceived threat.

Answer

A state of social disorder caused by crime.

Answer

A theory of crime that emphasizes the role of biological factors.

Answer

A type of deviance that is considered to be harmless.

Question 8

According to the conflict perspective, crime is:

Accepted Answer

A product of social inequality and the struggle for power.

Answer

A rational choice made by individuals with free will.

Answer

A result of biological and psychological factors.

Answer

A necessary evil in any society.

Question 9

According to labeling theory, how does being labeled as deviant contribute to self-fulfilling prophecy?

Accepted Answer

Individuals labeled deviant are more likely to internalize the label and engage in deviant behavior.

Answer

Deviant behavior is a means of social control, maintaining social order by reinforcing social norms.

Answer

Deviance is solely influenced by biological factors, such as genetic predispositions.

Answer

Deviance is a form of resistance against societal oppression.

Question 10

Which renowned sociologist proposed that crime is an inherent part of functioning societies, contributing to social order?

Accepted Answer

Emile Durkheim

Answer

Robert Merton

Answer

Edwin Sutherland

Answer

Talcott Parsons

Question 11

Distinguish between absolute and relative deprivation.

Accepted Answer

Absolute deprivation refers to the lack of essential resources, while relative deprivation stems from a perceived disparity compared to others.

Answer

Relative deprivation signifies the absence of necessities, whereas absolute deprivation signifies the perceived inequality with others.

Answer

Both forms of deprivation involve a perception of inadequacy, with absolute deprivation being more severe.

Answer

There is no meaningful difference between the two concepts.

Question 12

Identify a criticism of opportunity theory in explaining crime.

Accepted Answer

It overlooks differing motivations among individuals.

Answer

It assumes all criminal acts are rational and intentional.

Answer

It disregards the influence of social factors on crime.

Answer

Its applicability is limited to property-related offenses.

Question 13

Differentiate between white-collar crime and corporate crime.

Accepted Answer

White-collar crime involves individuals in positions of authority, while corporate crime involves organizations.

Answer

Corporate crime involves individuals in positions of authority, while white-collar crime involves organizations.

Answer

There is no distinction between white-collar crime and corporate crime.

Answer

White-collar crime is considered more serious than corporate crime.

Question 14

Which principle underpins a restorative justice approach to crime?

Accepted Answer

Prioritizing harm reparation and offender reintegration into society

Answer

Emphasizing punishment and deterrence as primary goals

Answer

Relying solely on mediation and victim-offender dialogue

Answer

Limiting community involvement in the justice process

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT considered a potential benefit of imprisonment as a form of punishment?

Accepted Answer

Education

Answer

Deterrence

Answer

Incapacitation

Answer

Rehabilitation

Question 16

According to functionalist theory, what essential role does crime play in society?

Accepted Answer

Necessary for maintaining social order and integration.

Answer

Inevitable outcome of individual choices.

Answer

Result of social inequality and social disorganization.

Answer

Caused by genetic or biological factors.

Question 17

How does labelling theory posit individuals become designated as criminals?

Accepted Answer

Primarily through social interactions and reactions.

Answer

Through genetic predisposition or mental illness.

Answer

Through engagement in deviant subcultures.

Answer

Through deliberate choices influenced by economic circumstances.

Question 18

Identify the type of crime that involves behaviors violating social norms without breaking the law.

Accepted Answer

Folk crime

Answer

Organized crime

Answer

Cybercrime

Answer

Violent crime

Question 19

What is the primary focus of the conflict approach in criminology?

Accepted Answer

Examining the role of power, inequality, and social conflict in crime causation.

Answer

Analyzing the psychological and biological factors contributing to criminal behavior.

Answer

Evaluating the impact of media and technology on crime rates.

Answer

Assessing the effectiveness of criminal justice policies and practices.

Question 20

What is the primary rationale for utilizing restorative justice approaches?

Accepted Answer

Focus on repairing harm, promoting accountability, and reintegrating offenders.

Answer

Proven higher effectiveness in deterring crime compared to traditional approaches.

Answer

Lower financial cost and resource consumption.

Answer

Greater public support and satisfaction.

Question 21

According to rational choice theory, why do individuals engage in criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

They rationally calculate the potential benefits and risks.

Answer

They are driven by uncontrollable impulses.

Answer

They are victims of circumstance.

Answer

They conform to the expectations of their social group.

Question 22

Which of the following is a key component of differential association theory?

Accepted Answer

Interaction with deviant peers

Answer

Exposure to positive role models

Answer

Biological predispositions

Answer

Media portrayal of violence

Question 23

Which factor is crucial in preventing deviance, according to Hirschi's Social Control Theory?

Accepted Answer

Strong social connections

Answer

Low self-regard

Answer

Influence of deviant peers

Answer

Biological inclinations

Question 24

According to labelling theory, deviance is primarily defined as:

Accepted Answer

Behaviour that is labelled as deviant by others

Answer

Any behaviour that violates social norms

Answer

Behaviour that is harmful to society

Answer

Behaviour that is inherited through genetics

Question 25

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with strain and increased likelihood of criminal behaviour?

Accepted Answer

High levels of social support

Answer

Lack of economic opportunity

Answer

Perceived lack of legitimate opportunities

Answer

Negative experiences in school

Question 26

What is the primary distinction between primary and secondary deviance?

Accepted Answer

Primary deviance is a person's first act of deviance, while secondary deviance is a person's repeated or ongoing acts of deviance.

Answer

Primary deviance is socially acceptable, while secondary deviance is not.

Answer

Secondary deviance is socially acceptable, while primary deviance is not.

Answer

There is no difference between primary and secondary deviance.

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of a white-collar crime?

Accepted Answer

Embezzlement

Answer

Shoplifting

Answer

Assault

Answer

Driving under the influence

Question 28

In labeling theory, what is the process by which individuals are assigned negative labels that shape their self-concept and behavior?

Accepted Answer

Stigmatization

Answer

Secondary deviance

Answer

Primary deviance

Answer

Differential association

Question 29

The Marxist perspective on crime argues that it is primarily caused by:

Accepted Answer

Class conflict and economic inequality

Answer

Inherent human nature

Answer

Individual pathology

Answer

Social disorganization

Question 30

Which research method is commonly employed in qualitative criminology to gain in-depth insights from individuals?

Accepted Answer

Interviews

Answer

Surveys

Answer

Experiments

Answer

Observation

Question 31

What is the key distinction between primary and secondary deviance?

Accepted Answer

Primary deviance goes unnoticed, while secondary deviance has significant social consequences.

Answer

Primary deviance is socially acceptable, while secondary deviance is not.

Answer

Primary deviance is more serious than secondary deviance.

Answer

Primary deviance is committed by outsiders, while secondary deviance is committed by insiders.

Question 32

Which theory of crime emphasizes the role of socialization and learning from others?

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory

Answer

Social control theory

Answer

Strain theory

Answer

Labeling theory

Question 33

According to social control theory, how does social class influence crime rates?

Accepted Answer

Lower social classes have weaker social ties, increasing the likelihood of crime.

Answer

Lower social classes have stronger social ties, reducing the likelihood of crime.

Answer

Social class has no effect on crime rates.

Answer

The relationship between social class and crime is complex and varies.

Question 34

The primary objective of crime prevention strategies that prioritize rehabilitation is to:

Accepted Answer

Reduce crime by addressing its underlying causes.

Answer

Prevent offenders from committing future crimes through incapacitation.

Answer

Deter potential offenders from engaging in criminal behavior.

Answer

Increase the number of arrests and convictions.

Question 35

According to the labeling theory of deviance, individuals are labeled as deviant primarily because:

Accepted Answer

Their behavior violates social norms

Answer

They are inherently different from others

Answer

They lack moral values

Answer

They are genetically predisposed to crime

Question 36

Which of the following factors has been found to have the weakest correlation with criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Intelligence

Answer

Poverty

Answer

Unemployment

Answer

Low educational attainment

Question 37

The concept of 'moral panic' refers to:

Accepted Answer

A sudden and exaggerated public outcry about a perceived threat

Answer

A process of social control through the use of fear

Answer

A type of crime that is particularly harmful to society

Answer

A theory that explains why people commit crimes

Question 38

The concept of 'social control' in the context of crime and deviance refers to:

Accepted Answer

The informal mechanisms that regulate behavior in society

Answer

The use of formal sanctions to punish criminals

Answer

The process of labeling individuals as deviant

Answer

The impact of social inequality on crime rates

Question 39

The concept of 'crime prevention through environmental design' (CPTED) aims to:

Accepted Answer

Reduce crime by creating physical barriers and obstacles

Answer

Increase public awareness of crime risks

Answer

Provide support and rehabilitation services to offenders

Answer

Strengthen community ties and promote social cohesion

Question 40

Which criticism accurately highlights a limitation of labelling theory?

Accepted Answer

It fails to explain why some individuals labelled as 'deviant' continue to engage in criminal behavior while others do not

Answer

It places excessive emphasis on individual behavior, neglecting social factors

Answer

It overlooks the potential influence of biological factors on criminal behavior

Answer

It relies on a limited sample size, compromising its generalizability

Question 41

Identify the factor that does NOT contribute to youth offending:

Accepted Answer

Boosted self-esteem

Answer

Socioeconomic disadvantage

Answer

Inadequate parental supervision

Answer

Peer influence

Question 42

What is the central aim of restorative justice?

Accepted Answer

Facilitating dialogue between victims, offenders, and the community to address the harm caused by crime

Answer

Punishing offenders and deterring crime

Answer

Rehabilitating offenders and supporting their reintegration into society

Answer

Preventing future crimes from occurring

Question 43

Identify the key difference between quantitative and qualitative research methods in criminology:

Accepted Answer

Quantitative methods gather numerical data, while qualitative methods gather non-numerical data

Answer

Quantitative methods are inherently more objective than qualitative methods

Answer

Qualitative methods yield more generalizable results than quantitative methods

Answer

Quantitative methods are more costly to conduct than qualitative methods

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a crucial ethical consideration in sociological research?

Accepted Answer

Employing deception

Answer

Protecting the privacy of participants

Answer

Obtaining informed consent

Answer

Avoiding biases

Question 45

Analyze the connection between social inequality and crime through the lens of social control theory. Explain how social and economic disparities contribute to deviant behavior.

Accepted Answer

Social inequality weakens social bonds, reducing social control over individuals.

Answer

Social inequality offers more chances for individuals to commit crimes.

Answer

Social inequality has no bearing on crime rates.

Answer

Social inequality only affects specific crime types, such as white-collar crimes.

Question 46

Which theory of crime causation focuses on the influence of social factors, such as poverty and inequality?

Accepted Answer

Sociological theories

Answer

Biological theories

Answer

Psychological theories

Answer

Economic theories

Question 47

According to labelling theory, deviance is:

Accepted Answer

A behavior that is defined as deviant by those in power.

Answer

A behavior that violates social norms.

Answer

A behavior that is seen as conforming to social norms.

Answer

A behavior that is committed by individuals with mental illness.

Question 48

According to the conflict perspective on crime, which of the following is a cause of crime?

Accepted Answer

Social inequality

Answer

Individual pathology

Answer

A need for excitement

Answer

A lack of moral values

Question 49

Which of the following is a key feature of subcultural theories of deviance?

Accepted Answer

They focus on the role of social groups in creating and maintaining deviant behavior.

Answer

They emphasize the importance of individual agency in choosing to engage in deviant behavior.

Answer

They view deviance as a form of social control.

Answer

They argue that deviance is a natural part of human society.

Question 50

According to the social control theory, which of the following is a factor that can reduce the likelihood of deviant behavior?

Accepted Answer

Strong social bonds

Answer

Weak moral values

Answer

Exposure to criminal role models

Answer

Low self-esteem

Question 51

According to the differential association theory, where is criminal behavior learned?

Accepted Answer

Through interaction with others

Answer

Through reading books and watching movies

Answer

Through personal experience

Answer

Through genetic inheritance

Question 52

Which theory of deviance suggests that society's powerful groups define what constitutes deviant behavior to maintain their power?

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory

Answer

Rational choice theory

Answer

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer

Functionalist theory

Question 53

According to labeling theory, what factor contributes to the likelihood of labeled individuals engaging in future criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer

Social class

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Answer

Environmental factors

Question 54

Crimes committed by individuals as part of their professional occupations are known as:

Accepted Answer

White-collar crime

Answer

Organized crime

Answer

Political crime

Question 55

Moral panic is a term used to describe:

Accepted Answer

An exaggerated and widespread fear of a specific issue

Answer

A theory that explains the causes of crime

Answer

A serious and violent type of crime

Question 56

Which of the following factors is not a risk factor associated with increased likelihood of youth offending?

Accepted Answer

High family income

Answer

Limited parental supervision

Answer

Witnessing or experiencing violence

Answer

Gang involvement

Question 57

Restorative justice aims to:

Accepted Answer

Repair the harm caused by crime and facilitate reintegration of offenders into society

Answer

Impose strict punishments on offenders

Answer

Protect the public from dangerous criminals

Question 58

The concept of 'social disorganization' is used to explain:

Accepted Answer

How social instability and weakened social norms can contribute to crime and deviance

Answer

Why individuals make rational decisions to commit crimes

Answer

How labeling theory influences criminal behavior

Question 59

A key difference between radical and moderate criminology is:

Accepted Answer

Radical criminology emphasizes the influence of social inequality and power, while moderate criminology emphasizes individual-level factors

Answer

Radical criminology prioritizes free will, whereas moderate criminology focuses on biological influences

Question 60

According to Robert Merton's strain theory, which individual is most likely to engage in deviant behavior?

Accepted Answer

One who experiences strain but lacks legitimate means to achieve success

Answer

One who experiences no strain

Answer

One who has only illegitimate means to achieve success

Answer

One who has both legitimate and illegitimate means to achieve success

Question 61

Which of the following is a key concept in feminist theories of crime?

Accepted Answer

Patriarchy

Answer

Social control

Answer

Differential association

Answer

Anomie

Question 62

What is the term used to describe crimes that are committed by people in positions of power and trust?

Accepted Answer

White-collar crime

Answer

Street crime

Answer

Corporate crime

Answer

Organized crime

Question 63

What is the main goal of restorative justice?

Accepted Answer

To repair the harm caused by crime and reintegrate offenders into the community.

Answer

To prevent future crimes from being committed.

Answer

To punish offenders to the full extent of the law.

Question 64

What is the term used to describe the fear of crime, even in the absence of actual risk?

Accepted Answer

Moral panic

Answer

Social anxiety

Answer

Hysteria

Answer

Mass hysteria