Childhood and Adolescence: A Comprehensive Guide for Psychology Students

Question 1

In educational and policy settings, which ethical principle is crucial when applying research findings on childhood and adolescent development?

Accepted Answer

Protecting participants' privacy and anonymity

Answer

Prioritizing researchers' interests over participants' welfare

Answer

Using findings without considering potential consequences for stakeholders

Question 2

Which theorist emphasized the importance of social interaction in cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Lev Vygotsky

Answer

Jean Piaget

Answer

Sigmund Freud

Answer

Erik Erikson

Question 3

What is the cognitive shift during childhood, wherein egocentric thought gradually transforms towards empathy and understanding?

Accepted Answer

Decentration

Answer

Accommodation

Answer

Assimilation

Answer

Moral development

Question 4

According to Erikson's psychosocial development theory, which stage is marked by the conflict between autonomy and shame?

Accepted Answer

Early childhood

Answer

Infancy

Answer

Play age

Answer

School age

Question 5

Identify the term for the hypothetical audience that adolescents perceive as constantly observing and evaluating them

Accepted Answer

Personal fable

Answer

Imaginary friend

Answer

Egocentric thought

Answer

Cognitive dissonance

Question 6

What is the central goal of attachment theory?

Accepted Answer

Explain the impact of early experiences on development

Answer

Classify attachment styles

Answer

Predict antisocial behavior

Answer

Assess the effects of divorce on children

Question 7

Classical conditioning refers to

Accepted Answer

Learning through association

Answer

Learning through reinforcement

Answer

Learning through observation

Answer

Learning through punishment

Question 8

Which term describes the gradual decline in cognitive abilities associated with aging?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive aging

Answer

Dementia

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Question 9

Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that cognitive abilities progress in a manner that is:

Accepted Answer

Stage-based and invariant

Answer

Continuous and gradual

Answer

Primarily driven by social interactions

Question 10

Authoritative parenting is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Warmth, support, and clear expectations.

Answer

Harsh discipline and strict rules.

Answer

Permissiveness and lack of boundaries.

Answer

Emotional distance and neglect.

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with reward and reinforcement in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Noradrenaline

Answer

GABA

Question 12

The approach to research that aims to understand the subjective experiences and perspectives of participants is known as:

Accepted Answer

Qualitative research

Answer

Quantitative research

Answer

Longitudinal research

Answer

Cross-sectional research

Question 13

Which of the following is a key cognitive milestone typically achieved during early childhood?

Accepted Answer

Object permanence

Answer

Symbolic thought

Answer

Abstract reasoning

Answer

Metacognition

Question 14

According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, which stage is marked by the development of logical thinking and the ability to comprehend concrete concepts?

Accepted Answer

Concrete operational

Answer

Sensorimotor

Answer

Preoperational

Answer

Formal operational

Question 15

Erikson's psychosocial development theory proposes that adolescence is primarily characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Identity versus role confusion

Answer

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Answer

Intimacy versus isolation

Answer

Generativity versus stagnation

Question 16

In developmental psychology, attachment theory primarily emphasizes:

Accepted Answer

The significance of early relationships with caregivers

Answer

The role of peers in social development

Answer

The impact of culture on cognitive development

Answer

The development of moral reasoning

Question 17

According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, cognitive development primarily occurs through:

Accepted Answer

Social interaction

Answer

Individual exploration

Answer

Biological maturation

Answer

Environmental enrichment

Question 18

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development suggests that adolescents primarily grapple with:

Accepted Answer

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer

Autonomy vs. Shame

Answer

Initiative vs. Guilt

Question 19

In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children's understanding of the world is primarily built through:

Accepted Answer

Exploring and interacting with their environment

Answer

Observing their surroundings

Answer

Learning from adults

Question 20

In Erikson's theory, what is the main developmental task for adolescents?

Accepted Answer

Gaining independence

Answer

Building close friendships

Answer

Managing emotions

Answer

Developing advanced thinking skills

Question 21

In Piaget's theory, when do children develop the ability to think logically about concrete objects and understand conservation?

Accepted Answer

Concrete operational stage

Answer

Sensorimotor stage

Answer

Preoperational stage

Answer

Formal operational stage

Question 22

Which developmental milestone is NOT typically achieved during childhood?

Accepted Answer

Formal operational thought

Answer

Object permanence

Answer

Sensorimotor development

Answer

Theory of mind

Question 23

According to Piaget's theory, the preoperational stage of cognitive development is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Egocentric speech and reasoning

Answer

Concrete operational thought

Answer

Logical and reversible thinking

Answer

Abstract and hypothetical reasoning

Question 24

Which parenting style is associated with high warmth and moderate control?

Accepted Answer

Authoritative

Answer

Authoritarian

Answer

Permissive

Answer

Uninvolved

Question 25

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that the primary task of adolescence is to establish a sense of:

Accepted Answer

Identity versus role confusion

Answer

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Answer

Intimacy versus isolation

Answer

Generativity versus stagnation

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for adolescent substance use?

Accepted Answer

High self-efficacy

Answer

Parental substance use

Answer

Peer pressure from substance-using peers

Answer

Early puberty

Question 27

Which aspect of development is NOT typically associated with childhood?

Accepted Answer

Abstract reasoning

Answer

Peer group formation

Answer

Development of empathy

Answer

Understanding of social norms

Question 28

According to Piaget, which cognitive development stage is characterized by the ability to perform concrete operations?

Accepted Answer

Concrete operational

Answer

Sensorimotor

Answer

Preoperational

Answer

Formal operational

Question 29

In attachment theory, which factor is considered the most influential in shaping a child's attachment style?

Accepted Answer

Caregiver's attachment style and sensitivity

Answer

Child's age and developmental stage

Answer

Child's temperament and personality

Answer

Type of discipline used by the caregiver

Question 30

How does cultural context impact the development of children's moral understanding?

Accepted Answer

Cultural context plays a major role in shaping children's understanding of right and wrong.

Answer

Cultural norms and values have no significant influence on moral reasoning.

Answer

Moral reasoning is solely shaped by interactions with peers and family.

Answer

All children develop the same moral values and beliefs, regardless of their cultural background.

Question 31

Which Piaget's theory's central concept involves cognitive structures individuals use to organize and interpret information?

Accepted Answer

Schema

Answer

Assimilation

Answer

Accommodation

Answer

Equilibration

Question 32

According to Erikson's theory, what is the central developmental task faced by adolescents as they seek to establish their identity?

Accepted Answer

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer

Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Question 33

Which characteristic is associated with Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Egocentrism

Answer

Conservation

Answer

Reversibility

Answer

Abstract reasoning

Question 34

According to Erikson's theory, the primary objective of early childhood is to develop a sense of:

Accepted Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Initiative

Answer

Identity

Answer

Generativity

Question 35

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to the range of tasks that:

Accepted Answer

A child can complete with assistance and guidance

Answer

A child can accomplish independently

Answer

A child is too young to perform

Answer

A child finds too challenging to attempt

Question 36

Define the characteristics of emerging adulthood.

Accepted Answer

A prolonged phase of identity exploration and instability.

Answer

A stage with defined societal expectations and boundaries.

Answer

A period of rapid physical and emotional growth after adolescence.

Question 37

The attachment theory developed by Bowlby suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Infants form secure attachments with their primary caregivers when their needs are consistently met.

Answer

Attachment style in childhood has no lasting effects on adulthood

Answer

Attachment is solely determined by genetics.

Question 38

According to Vygotsky, the 'Zone of Proximal Development' refers to:

Accepted Answer

The gap between a child's current level of performance and what they can achieve with assistance

Answer

The range of tasks a child can perform independently

Answer

The period of rapid cognitive development in infancy

Question 39

The longitudinal study by Caspi et al. (2003) suggested that:

Accepted Answer

The interaction between genetics and environment influences antisocial behavior

Answer

Genetics have a significant role in antisocial behavior

Answer

Environmental factors alone determine antisocial behavior

Question 40

Which of the following is a characteristic of authoritarian parenting?

Accepted Answer

High levels of control and low warmth

Answer

High levels of both control and warmth

Answer

Low levels of both control and warmth

Question 41

Which of the following is a key factor in promoting positive mental health in childhood?

Accepted Answer

Secure attachments with primary caregivers

Answer

Limited exposure to challenging life events

Answer

High levels of parental control and discipline

Question 42

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development. What is the term he used to describe the difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with the assistance of a more skilled individual?

Accepted Answer

Zone of proximal development

Answer

Scaffolding

Answer

Social constructivism

Answer

Internalization

Question 43

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory proposes that individuals progress through a series of psychosocial stages throughout their lives. Which of the following is the stage that Erikson identified as central to adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Identity vs Role Confusion

Answer

Industry vs Inferiority

Answer

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Answer

Intimacy vs Isolation

Question 44

Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby, describes the close emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregivers. Which of the following is a key characteristic of secure attachment?

Accepted Answer

The infant feels safe and comforted in the presence of the caregiver.

Answer

The infant is clingy and dependent on the caregiver.

Answer

The infant is anxious and avoidant in the presence of the caregiver.

Answer

The infant is indifferent to the caregiver's presence or absence.

Question 45

The process of separation-individuation, described by Margaret Mahler, refers to:

Accepted Answer

The gradual development of a sense of independence and autonomy in adolescents.

Answer

The formation of a strong attachment bond between an infant and their caregiver.

Answer

The development of gender identity.

Answer

The cognitive changes that occur during adolescence.

Question 46

Adolescence is a time of increased risk-taking behaviors. Which of the following is a potential risk factor for adolescent substance abuse?

Accepted Answer

Peer pressure to experiment with drugs or alcohol.

Answer

Academic success.

Answer

Strong parental support.

Answer

High self-esteem.

Question 47

Protective factors are those that promote positive development and reduce the likelihood of negative outcomes. Which of the following is an example of a protective factor for adolescent mental health?

Accepted Answer

Strong family support and positive peer relationships.

Answer

Financial instability.

Answer

Academic stress.

Answer

Peer rejection.

Question 48

The biopsychosocial model of development emphasizes the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in shaping individual development. Which of the following aspects of development is primarily influenced by biological factors?

Accepted Answer

Physical growth and maturation.

Answer

Emotional development.

Answer

Social development.

Answer

Cognitive development.