Sociology of Crime and Deviance: Explore the Causes and Consequences

Question 1

How do race, class, and gender intersect to influence the likelihood of individuals being labeled as deviant or criminal?

Accepted Answer

These factors interact to produce different outcomes for individuals.

Answer

These factors are irrelevant to the study of crime and deviance.

Answer

These factors are the only factors that influence crime and deviance.

Question 2

Which of the following statements best describes the effectiveness of social policies in addressing the root causes of crime and deviance?

Accepted Answer

Social policies that address poverty and improve access to education and job training can reduce crime rates.

Accepted Answer

The effectiveness of social policies in addressing crime and deviance depends on the specific context and implementation of the policies.

Answer

Punitive measures, like increased policing and harsher sentences, are the most effective way to prevent crime.

Answer

Social policies that focus on rehabilitating offenders and providing support services have no impact on recidivism rates.

Question 3

How does economic inequality influence crime rates and the nature of crimes committed?

Accepted Answer

Economic inequality leads to higher crime rates because it creates social and economic strain, potentially leading to criminal activity as a coping mechanism or means of survival.

Answer

Economic inequality has no significant impact on crime rates.

Answer

Economic inequality only affects property crimes, not violent crimes.

Answer

Economic inequality has no impact on crime rates because social welfare programs effectively mitigate its effects.

Question 4

How do cultural values, norms, and beliefs shape the definition and understanding of criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

They provide a framework for defining what is considered criminal behavior within a society.

Answer

They have no bearing on the definition of criminal behavior, which is solely determined by legal statutes.

Answer

They only affect the experiences of those who engage in criminal behavior.

Answer

They are irrelevant to the study of crime and deviance.

Question 5

How does social inequality contribute to crime and deviance? Discuss the role of factors like race, class, and gender.

Accepted Answer

Social inequality influences crime and deviance in complex ways, including through limited opportunities, discrimination, and social strain.

Answer

Social inequality is the sole cause of crime and deviance, and reducing inequality would solve these issues.

Answer

Social inequality has no impact on crime and deviance, as everyone has equal chances to succeed.

Answer

Social inequality only affects specific crimes, like property crimes, not violent crimes.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the key elements and challenges of rehabilitation programs for offenders?

Accepted Answer

Effective rehabilitation programs use methods like cognitive-behavioral therapy, education, job training, and social support.

Answer

Rehabilitation programs are always ineffective because criminal behavior cannot be changed.

Answer

Rehabilitation programs are easy to implement and face no significant obstacles.

Answer

Rehabilitation programs are not needed because punishment and imprisonment are more effective in stopping crime.

Question 7

Define 'hidden crimes'. Provide specific examples and discuss the challenges in addressing them.

Accepted Answer

Hidden crimes are criminal offenses that remain unreported to law enforcement or other authorities.

Answer

Hidden crimes are only committed by individuals with mental health issues.

Answer

Hidden crimes are not a significant concern as they are not officially recorded.

Question 8

Analyze the ethical considerations and potential biases that arise from utilizing AI in crime prediction and surveillance systems.

Accepted Answer

The ethical implications and potential biases of AI in crime prediction and surveillance demand thorough examination, addressing concerns such as privacy, discrimination, and accountability.

Answer

AI eliminates human bias, ensuring objective and impartial crime predictions.

Answer

The ethical implications of AI in crime prediction are negligible if it delivers accurate and efficient results.

Answer

AI should be restricted to surveillance tasks, excluding crime prediction, to mitigate ethical concerns.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a primary focus of the sociology of crime and deviance?

Accepted Answer

Psychological and biological factors

Answer

Social control and order

Answer

Economic inequality and social stratification

Answer

Political ideologies and power dynamics

Question 10

According to strain theory, which of the following is a primary cause of crime?

Accepted Answer

Disparity between societal goals and opportunities to achieve them

Answer

Breakdown of traditional social values and norms

Answer

Increased law enforcement presence and surveillance

Answer

Lack of social support and community involvement

Question 11

The labeling perspective on deviance suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Deviant behavior is primarily shaped by social interactions and societal reactions

Answer

Deviant individuals possess inherent personality traits that predispose them to deviant behavior

Answer

Deviance is a form of social protest against unjust societal norms

Answer

Deviance is a result of genetic and biological factors

Question 12

The term 'white-collar crime' primarily refers to:

Accepted Answer

Crimes committed by individuals in the course of their professional or occupational roles

Answer

Crimes committed by individuals with high social status or wealth

Answer

Crimes committed by organized crime groups

Answer

Crimes committed by individuals with mental health conditions

Question 13

The concept of 'crime control' generally refers to:

Accepted Answer

The policies, practices, and strategies aimed at preventing and responding to crime in society

Answer

The study of the root causes and underlying factors that contribute to crime

Answer

The development and implementation of technologies for crime prevention and detection

Answer

The rehabilitation and reintegration of individuals who have committed crimes

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a major theoretical perspective within the sociology of crime and deviance?

Accepted Answer

Existentialist perspective

Answer

Functionalist perspective

Answer

Conflict perspective

Answer

Structuralist perspective

Question 15

According to the labelling theory, what is the primary factor in determining whether an individual is considered deviant?

Accepted Answer

Social reactions

Answer

Biological factors

Answer

Psychological traits

Answer

Economic inequality

Question 16

Which of the following characteristics is unique to white-collar crime?

Accepted Answer

It is committed by individuals in positions of high social status.

Answer

It involves the violation of laws designed to protect the public.

Answer

It is typically punished more severely than street crime.

Answer

It is rarely reported to the authorities.

Question 17

According to the conflict perspective, what is the root cause of crime?

Accepted Answer

Social inequality

Answer

Biological factors

Answer

Mental illness

Answer

Lack of education

Question 18

What is a key criticism of the functionalist perspective on crime?

Accepted Answer

It neglects the role of social inequality in explaining crime.

Answer

It assumes that all societies share the same values and norms.

Answer

It fails to account for individual differences in criminal behavior.

Answer

It is based on outdated research and data.

Question 19

Which of the following is a core principle of social control theory?

Accepted Answer

Individuals are less likely to engage in crime when they have strong bonds to society.

Answer

Individuals with low self-esteem are more prone to criminal behavior.

Answer

Exposure to criminal environments inevitably leads to criminal behavior.

Answer

Individuals with a history of mental illness are more likely to commit crimes.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT considered a form of social deviance?

Accepted Answer

Voting in an election

Answer

Homosexuality

Answer

Shoplifting

Answer

Cheating on a test

Question 21

According to the rational choice theory, what motivates individuals to commit crimes?

Accepted Answer

They rationally calculate the potential benefits and risks of their actions.

Answer

They are driven by uncontrollable impulses and emotions.

Answer

They lack the capacity to make rational decisions.

Answer

They are solely motivated by financial gain.

Question 22

According to social control theory, what is a primary reason that individuals commit crimes?

Accepted Answer

Weak social bonds lead to a lack of self-restraint.

Answer

Strong social norms deter crime by creating a sense of shame.

Answer

High levels of social organization make it difficult to commit crimes.

Answer

Low levels of opportunity make it unlikely that individuals will turn towards crime.

Question 23

Which of the following is a valid criticism of strain theory?

Accepted Answer

It does not always account for why individuals in similar situations may not commit crimes.

Answer

It overemphasizes the role of social norms.

Answer

It is too deterministic and does not allow for individual agency.

Answer

It does not consider the role of biological factors.

Question 24

According to conflict theory, crime is a:

Accepted Answer

Consequence of social and economic inequality.

Answer

Product of individual pathology.

Answer

Response to social control.

Answer

Symptom of a dysfunctional society.

Question 25

According to labelling theory, what is a key factor in determining whether an act is considered deviant?

Accepted Answer

The social reaction to the act.

Answer

The intention of the person committing the act.

Answer

The severity of the act itself.

Answer

The consequences of the act.

Question 26

According to the social constructionist approach to crime and deviance, what determines whether an act is considered criminal?

Accepted Answer

The social and cultural norms of the society.

Answer

The biological makeup of the individual committing the act.

Answer

The laws enacted by the government.

Answer

The severity of the harm caused by the act.

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of a postmodern approach to crime and deviance?

Accepted Answer

Foucault's analysis of power and discourse.

Answer

Durkheim's theory of anomie.

Answer

Merton's strain theory.

Answer

Becker's labelling theory.

Question 28

According to social control theory, which of the following is most likely to lead to criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Weak social bonds

Answer

Strong social bonds

Answer

Strict social control

Answer

Anomie

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a recognized type of deviance?

Accepted Answer

Quaternary deviance

Answer

Primary deviance

Answer

Secondary deviance

Answer

Tertiary deviance

Question 30

The social control theory of crime suggests that individuals are less likely to engage in criminal behavior when they have strong:

Accepted Answer

Social bonds

Answer

Opportunities

Answer

Negative self-concepts

Answer

Low levels of education

Question 31

According to the labeling theory of deviance, deviance is primarily a result of:

Accepted Answer

Societal reactions and expectations

Answer

Inherent personality traits

Answer

Neurological abnormalities

Answer

Genetic predispositions

Question 32

Which of the following concepts is central to the strain theory of crime?

Accepted Answer

Anomie

Answer

Social control

Answer

Social learning

Answer

Routine activities

Question 33

The theory that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others, particularly those who engage in criminal activities, is known as:

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory

Answer

Social control theory

Answer

Anomie theory

Answer

Rational choice theory

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a key factor in the development of criminal behavior, according to social learning theory?

Accepted Answer

Genetics

Answer

Observational learning

Answer

Punishment

Answer

Reinforcement

Question 35

The concept of 'crime waves', which suggests that crime rates fluctuate over time, is associated with which theory of crime?

Accepted Answer

Routine activity theory

Answer

Broken windows theory

Answer

Social disorganization theory

Answer

Environmental criminology

Question 36

Which sociological approach to the study of deviance views deviance as a product of the interactions between individuals and their social environment?

Accepted Answer

Interactionist

Answer

Functionalist

Answer

Conflict

Answer

Positivist

Question 37

Which of the following is a core concept in the labeling theory of deviance?

Accepted Answer

Social control mechanisms, such as labeling, can create or reinforce deviant identities

Answer

Social norms shape behavior and determine what is considered deviant

Answer

Differential association with deviant individuals leads to deviance

Answer

Structural strain causes individuals to turn to crime and other deviant behavior

Question 38

Which of the following factors is most likely to deter an individual from committing a crime, according to the theory of rational choice?

Accepted Answer

The perceived likelihood of being caught and punished

Answer

The perceived severity of the punishment

Answer

The lack of opportunity to commit the crime

Answer

The strength of their social bonds

Question 39

Which of the following is a major criticism of positivism in criminology?

Accepted Answer

Positivism promotes a deterministic view of human behavior

Answer

Positivism overly emphasizes the role of social and economic factors in crime

Answer

Positivism overly relies on qualitative data

Answer

Positivism ignores the role of individual agency in crime

Question 40

According to the theory of anomie, what happens when individuals cannot achieve their socially approved goals through legitimate means?

Accepted Answer

They experience frustration and turn to crime as a means of achieving their goals

Answer

They become apathetic and withdraw from society

Answer

They adapt their goals to fit their means

Answer

They seek alternative, legitimate ways to achieve their goals

Question 41

According to the conflict theory of crime, what is the primary cause of crime and deviance?

Accepted Answer

Social inequality and the struggle for resources

Answer

Lack of opportunity and structural strain

Answer

Weak social bonds and anomie

Answer

Irrational and impulsive behavior

Question 42

According to social control theory, crime is most likely to occur when an individual's:

Accepted Answer

Social bonds are weakened.

Answer

Opportunities for crime are high.

Answer

Social norms are reinforced.

Answer

There is an abundance of social support.

Question 43

Which concept is central to the theory of strain?

Accepted Answer

Anomie

Answer

Differential association

Answer

Social disorganization

Answer

Social control

Question 44

What distinction exists between crime and deviance?

Accepted Answer

Crime involves illegal behavior, while deviance refers to violations of social norms.

Answer

Deviance encompasses illegal acts, while crime is limited to behaviors that breach social norms.

Answer

Crime and deviance are synonymous concepts.

Answer

Crime is generally considered more severe than deviance.

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of a white-collar crime?

Accepted Answer

Embezzlement

Answer

Murder

Answer

Burglary

Answer

Assault

Question 46

What are the repercussions of crime for individuals and society?

Accepted Answer

Imprisonment, fines, and social stigma.

Answer

Increased social cohesion and economic growth.

Answer

Improved public safety and well-being.

Answer

Reduced crime rates.

Question 47

How does the state's role in crime and deviance extend beyond law enforcement?

Accepted Answer

The state actively defines and maintains crime and deviance to control society.

Answer

The state solely enforces laws to prevent and punish criminal behavior.

Answer

The state's actions have no significant impact on crime and deviance.

Question 48

How do social movements impact societal attitudes towards crime and deviance?

Accepted Answer

Social movements can have both positive and negative impacts, depending on the movement and context.

Answer

Social movements always have a negative impact.

Answer

Social movements always have a positive impact.

Answer

Social movements have no impact on societal attitudes towards crime and deviance.

Question 49

Which sociological theory of crime and deviance emphasizes the impact of social inequality and class structure on criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Anomie theory

Answer

Differential association theory

Answer

Social control theory

Answer

Labeling theory

Question 50

According to differential association theory, individuals learn criminal behavior through:

Accepted Answer

Frequent interactions with individuals who engage in criminal activities

Answer

Genetic inheritance

Answer

Exposure to violent media

Answer

Lack of parental supervision

Question 51

Which concept describes the process where individuals are categorized as deviant based on their actions or characteristics, leading to societal treatment as such?

Accepted Answer

Labeling

Answer

Social control

Answer

Anomie

Answer

Socialization

Question 52

Which classification of crime is defined by law as causing harm to society as a whole?

Accepted Answer

Felony

Answer

Victimless crime

Answer

Misdemeanor

Answer

White-collar crime

Question 53

Which sociological perspective emphasizes the influence of culture and social interactions in shaping criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionism

Answer

Structural functionalism

Answer

Conflict theory

Answer

Rational choice theory

Question 54

According to labelling theory, who creates deviance?

Accepted Answer

Others in society

Answer

The individual

Answer

The police

Answer

The government

Question 55

What is a key difference between crime and deviance?

Accepted Answer

Deviance is defined by social norms, while crime is defined by law

Answer

Crime is illegal, while deviance is not

Answer

Deviance is more serious than crime

Answer

Crime is always harmful, while deviance is not

Question 56

Example of quantitative research method used in criminology is:

Accepted Answer

British Crime Survey

Answer

Participant observation

Answer

Interviews

Answer

Focus groups

Question 57

Poverty, lack of parental supervision and negative peer group influences are all risk factors for:

Accepted Answer

Youth offending

Answer

Adult offending

Answer

White-collar crime

Answer

Organized crime

Question 58

In criminology, social control refers to:

Accepted Answer

The ways in which society prevents crime

Answer

The ways in which criminals are punished

Answer

The ways in which deviance is defined

Answer

The ways in which crime is reported

Question 59

Crimes that are not reported to the police at all are known as:

Accepted Answer

Dark figure of crime

Answer

Reported crimes

Answer

Solved crimes

Answer

Victimless crimes

Question 60

Which sociological theory emphasizes that social inequality and poverty are the root causes of criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory

Answer

Psychological theory

Answer

Biological theory

Answer

Social learning theory

Question 61

According to labeling theory, deviance is a result of:

Accepted Answer

Social reactions and labeling

Answer

Biological predisposition

Answer

Moral judgment

Question 62

In Emile Durkheim's theory, 'anomie' refers to the:

Accepted Answer

Breakdown of social norms and values

Answer

Absence of social control

Answer

Increase in social solidarity

Answer

Prevalence of deviant subcultures

Question 63

Which of the following is considered a type of white-collar crime?

Accepted Answer

Embezzlement

Answer

Vandalism

Answer

Burglary

Answer

Assault

Question 64

According to power-control theory, what conditions are most likely to lead to criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Limited opportunities and power imbalances

Answer

Strong social bonds and effective social control

Answer

High levels of social mobility

Answer

Prevalent deviant subcultures