Health Choices: Psychology and Behaviour

Question 1

What is the concept of 'self-efficacy' primarily concerned with?

Accepted Answer

A person's perception of their ability to perform a behaviour

Answer

The actual ability to perform a behaviour

Answer

The level of motivation to perform a behaviour

Answer

The availability of social support for a behaviour

Question 2

Describe the main components of the Health Belief Model and how they interact to influence health behaviours.

Accepted Answer

Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action

Answer

Social norms, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, intention, behaviour

Answer

Locus of control, self-esteem, social support, health literacy, motivation

Question 3

Which of the following is a crucial feature of the Transtheoretical Model?

Accepted Answer

Stages of change

Answer

Maintenance cycle

Answer

Social support network

Answer

Health belief

Question 4

What is the primary aim of health promotion interventions?

Accepted Answer

To facilitate behavioural change

Answer

To enhance knowledge about health behaviours

Answer

To influence attitudes towards health behaviours

Answer

To improve overall health outcomes

Question 5

What is the definition of "health behaviour"?

Accepted Answer

Any behaviour that can potentially affect health

Answer

Any behaviour that is intended to promote health

Answer

Any behaviour that is recommended by healthcare professionals

Answer

Any behaviour that is socially acceptable

Question 6

Which component of the Health Belief Model focuses on an individual's belief about their risk of developing a health condition?

Accepted Answer

Perceived susceptibility

Answer

Social support

Answer

Self-efficacy

Answer

Environmental cues

Question 7

Which of the following theories is widely used to explain the role of social cognitive factors in health behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer

Theory of Planned Behaviour

Answer

Transtheoretical Model

Answer

Health Belief Model

Question 8

In designing a health promotion intervention, which step is typically the initial one?

Accepted Answer

Conducting a needs assessment

Answer

Setting behavioral goals

Answer

Developing a communication strategy

Answer

Evaluating the intervention

Question 9

According to the Transtheoretical Model, at which stage of change does a person acknowledge the necessity of altering their behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Contemplation

Answer

Precontemplation

Answer

Preparation

Answer

Action

Question 10

Describe the 'theory of reasoned action':

Accepted Answer

A model explaining how attitudes and social norms influence behaviour

Answer

A model explaining how perceived risks and benefits influence health behaviours

Answer

A model explaining how past behaviour predicts future behaviour

Answer

A model explaining how emotions influence health behaviours

Question 11

What is the primary purpose of using focus groups in health behaviour research?

Accepted Answer

Collecting qualitative data on beliefs and experiences

Answer

Evaluating the effectiveness of a health intervention

Answer

Developing new health promotion materials

Answer

Recruiting participants for a study

Question 12

Explain the role of culture in shaping health behaviour:

Accepted Answer

Culture influences beliefs, values, and behaviours related to health

Answer

Culture has no impact on health behaviours

Answer

Cultural influence on health behaviours is limited to developing countries

Answer

Culture plays a negligible role in health behaviour

Question 13

State the primary goal of a systematic review:

Accepted Answer

Summarizing and evaluating evidence on a specific topic

Answer

Conducting a new research study

Answer

Developing a new theory

Answer

Promoting a particular health behaviour

Question 14

Which factor is NOT included in the Health Belief Model as an influence on health behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Positive peer influence

Answer

Perceived susceptibility

Answer

Perceived benefits

Answer

Perceived severity

Question 15

Which research design is considered the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention?

Accepted Answer

Randomized controlled trial

Answer

Cross-sectional survey

Answer

Longitudinal study

Answer

Case study

Question 16

The 'Transtheoretical Model' categorises individuals into which stages of behaviour change?

Accepted Answer

Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance

Answer

Change, Preparation, Action, Maintenance, Relapse

Answer

Pre-behavioural, Behavioural, Post-behavioural

Answer

Planning, Implementation, Evaluation, Maintenance

Question 17

In the 'Stages of Change Model', individuals who are not yet making an active effort to change their behaviour are known as:

Accepted Answer

Precontemplators

Answer

Contemplators

Answer

Actors

Answer

Maintainers

Question 18

According to the Transtheoretical Model of Change, which stage is characterized by some awareness and intention to change behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Contemplation

Answer

Precontemplation

Answer

Preparation

Answer

Action

Question 19

Which of the following is the first step in the Intervention Mapping protocol?

Accepted Answer

Needs assessment

Answer

Behaviour change theory selection

Answer

Intervention design

Answer

Process evaluation

Question 20

Which of the following is a central assumption of the Health Belief Model?

Accepted Answer

Individuals are motivated to engage in health behaviours if they believe it will improve their health.

Answer

Individuals engage in health behaviours if they are advised by a trusted healthcare provider.

Answer

Individuals adopt health behaviours if they have a strong support system.

Answer

Individuals are more likely to engage in health behaviours with high self-efficacy.

Question 21

According to the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change, which stage describes an individual with no intention of altering their behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Precontemplation

Answer

Contemplation

Answer

Preparation

Answer

Action

Question 22

According to the Health Belief Model, which factor influences an individual's perceived likelihood of experiencing a negative health outcome?

Accepted Answer

Perceived susceptibility

Answer

Perceived severity

Answer

Perceived benefits

Answer

Perceived barriers

Question 23

Which theory proposes that individuals progress through a series of stages in their attempts to change health behaviours?

Accepted Answer

Transtheoretical Model

Answer

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer

Health Belief Model

Answer

Theory of Planned Behaviour

Question 24

Which research design is considered the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of health promotion interventions?

Accepted Answer

Randomized controlled trial

Answer

Cohort study

Answer

Case-control study

Answer

Cross-sectional study

Question 25

Which ethical principle emphasizes the importance of respecting an individual's right to make decisions about their own health?

Accepted Answer

Respect for autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Answer

Non-maleficence

Question 26

Which concept in the Theory of Planned Behavior refers to an individual's confidence in their ability to perform a specific behavior?

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy

Answer

Attitude

Answer

Subjective norm

Answer

Behavioral control

Question 27

In the Transtheoretical Model, which stage is characterized by active participation in the desired health behavior?

Accepted Answer

Action

Answer

Precontemplation

Answer

Contemplation

Answer

Preparation

Question 28

Which type of health behavior intervention aims to change the physical environment to promote healthy behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Environmental interventions

Answer

Cognitive interventions

Answer

Behavioral interventions

Answer

Policy interventions

Question 29

When evaluating a health behavior intervention, which factor is crucial for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the results?

Accepted Answer

Validity of the measurement tools

Answer

Size of the participant pool

Answer

Cost-effectiveness of the intervention

Answer

Generalizability of the findings

Question 30

Which research design allows for the strongest causal inference between an intervention and an outcome?

Accepted Answer

Randomized controlled trial

Answer

Cohort study

Answer

Case-control study

Answer

Cross-sectional study

Question 31

In what way does interdisciplinary collaboration contribute to the effectiveness of health promotion interventions?

Accepted Answer

It incorporates diverse perspectives, resulting in more comprehensive interventions.

Answer

It streamlines the implementation process by minimizing the number of stakeholders.

Answer

It guarantees financial support for health promotion initiatives.

Question 32

Which of the following health behaviours is strongly associated with increased mortality?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Moderate alcohol consumption

Answer

Regular physical activity

Answer

Healthy diet

Question 33

Which theory emphasizes the role of social norms, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations in shaping health behaviours?

Accepted Answer

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer

Health Action Process Approach

Answer

Theory of Planned Behaviour

Question 34

A study finds that individuals who reside in areas with more green spaces are more likely to engage in physical activity. This is an example of the:

Accepted Answer

Ecological approach

Answer

Behavioural economics approach

Answer

Individualistic approach

Question 35

The concept of 'health literacy' encompasses:

Accepted Answer

The ability to access, understand, and use health information

Answer

The knowledge and skills needed to maintain good health

Answer

The ability to communicate effectively with healthcare professionals

Question 36

Which of the following is a key factor in the Health Belief Model that influences health behaviours?

Accepted Answer

Perceived benefits

Answer

Cues to action

Answer

Age

Answer

Past experiences

Question 37

According to the Social Cognitive Theory, health behaviours are influenced by:

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and social support

Answer

Personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cultural norms

Answer

Past experiences, genetics, and age

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of a proximal determinant of health behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Peer influence

Answer

Economic conditions

Answer

Health policy

Answer

Genetics

Question 39

A health promotion intervention aims to increase physical activity among young adults. Which of the following would be an appropriate component, according to Self-Determination Theory?

Accepted Answer

Offering a variety of physical activities to choose from

Answer

Providing only high-impact exercises

Answer

Setting strict rules and punishments for noncompliance

Answer

Using scare tactics to emphasize the risks of inactivity

Question 40

Which of the following is a common challenge in designing health promotion interventions?

Accepted Answer

Balancing efficacy with cost-effectiveness and acceptability

Answer

Finding participants who are willing to participate

Answer

Gaining approval from ethics committees

Answer

Measuring the long-term impact of the intervention

Question 41

The Transtheoretical Model suggests that individuals progress through stages of change, from:

Accepted Answer

Precontemplation to maintenance

Answer

Maintenance to precontemplation

Answer

Action to contemplation

Question 42

Which of the following is a key component of a successful health behaviour change intervention?

Accepted Answer

Behavioural skills training

Answer

Punishing non-compliance

Answer

Using a one-size-fits-all approach

Answer

Focusing solely on education

Question 43

The Social Ecological Model suggests that health behaviours are influenced by:

Accepted Answer

Multiple levels of the social and physical environment

Answer

Random events

Answer

Government policies only

Answer

Genetics and personality

Question 44

Which of the following is a primary goal of health behaviour research?

Accepted Answer

To identify modifiable factors that influence health

Answer

To develop new cures for diseases

Answer

To describe the prevalence of health behaviours

Question 45

The concept of "relapse" in health behaviour change refers to:

Accepted Answer

A temporary setback in maintaining a healthy behaviour

Answer

A permanent change in behaviour

Answer

A reason to give up on behaviour change

Answer

A sign of failure

Question 46

According to the Health Belief Model, which of the following is NOT a core factor that influences an individual's decision to adopt a health behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Social support

Answer

Perceived severity

Answer

Perceived benefits

Answer

Perceived susceptibility

Question 47

Which theory suggests that health behaviour is influenced by a combination of individual, social, and environmental factors?

Accepted Answer

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer

Health Action Process Approach

Answer

Transtheoretical Model

Answer

Theory of Planned Behaviour

Question 48

Which of the following is a key principle of effective behaviour change interventions?

Accepted Answer

Tailoring interventions to individual needs

Answer

Focusing on short-term goals

Answer

Using force to coerce change

Answer

Punishing unhealthy behaviours

Question 49

Which of these examples is a health promotion intervention targeting individual-level factors?

Accepted Answer

Educational campaign on smoking cessation

Answer

Community-based walking programs

Answer

Smoke-free legislation

Answer

Taxation on sugary drinks

Question 50

Which of the following is an example of a health promotion intervention targeting environmental-level factors?

Accepted Answer

Smoke-free legislation

Answer

Educational campaign on healthy eating

Answer

Individual counselling for weight loss

Question 51

What is a key indicator of a successful health promotion intervention?

Accepted Answer

Sustainable changes in health behaviour

Answer

Large-scale funding

Answer

Positive media coverage

Answer

High participation rates

Question 52

Which of the following ethical considerations is paramount in health promotion research?

Accepted Answer

Protecting participant confidentiality

Answer

Maximizing research productivity

Answer

Promoting the researcher's agenda

Answer

Ensuring participant comfort