State Responsibility: International Law and Consequences

Question 1

Under international law, which of the following is NOT a condition for state responsibility?

Accepted Answer

The act being caused by another state

Answer

The act being attributable to the State

Answer

The act violating an international obligation

Answer

The act being wrongful under international law

Question 2

What is the primary consequence of state responsibility?

Accepted Answer

Reparation to the harmed state

Answer

Satisfaction for the injured party

Answer

Compensation for damages

Answer

Punishment for the responsible state

Question 3

Which of the following factors is irrelevant in assessing the quantum of compensation awarded?

Accepted Answer

Population size of the responsible state

Answer

Severity of the breach

Answer

Extent of damage suffered

Answer

Economic situation of the responsible state

Question 4

What does the doctrine of respondeat superior establish?

Accepted Answer

State responsibility for acts of its officials

Answer

State responsibility for acts of private individuals

Answer

State responsibility for acts of other states

Answer

State responsibility for acts of international organizations

Question 5

How has the International Court of Justice (ICJ) contributed to the development of the law of state responsibility?

Accepted Answer

The ICJ's advisory opinions have played a significant role in shaping the law

Answer

The ICJ has exclusive jurisdiction over disputes related to state responsibility

Answer

The ICJ is responsible for codifying the law of state responsibility

Answer

The ICJ has no role in the development of the law of state responsibility

Question 6

Which of the following conditions is **not** required for state responsibility?

Accepted Answer

The act or omission is committed by a high-ranking state official.

Answer

The act or omission is attributable to the state.

Answer

The act or omission is a breach of an international obligation.

Answer

The act or omission causes damage to another state.

Question 7

What is the primary legal consequence of state responsibility?

Accepted Answer

Reparation for the harm caused

Answer

Compensation for damages

Answer

Restitution to the original state

Answer

Satisfaction and apology

Question 8

In which case did the International Court of Justice (ICJ) hold that a state could **not** rely on the defense of distress to justify its conduct?

Accepted Answer

Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project Case

Answer

Nicaragua v. United States Case

Answer

Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua Case

Answer

LaGrand Case

Question 9

Which of the following is a characteristic of customary international law?

Accepted Answer

It is based on state practice and opinio juris.

Answer

It is created by a treaty.

Answer

It is binding on all states, regardless of consent.

Answer

It is codified in a written document.

Question 10

Which of the following is **not** a source of international law?

Accepted Answer

United Nations General Assembly resolutions

Answer

Treaties

Answer

Customary international law

Answer

General principles of law

Question 11

What is the main purpose of the International Law Commission (ILC)?

Accepted Answer

To codify and develop international law

Answer

To interpret international law

Answer

To enforce international law

Answer

To settle disputes between states

Question 12

Which of the following is **not** a fundamental principle of international law?

Accepted Answer

Aut dedere aut punire (extradite or punish)

Answer

Pacta sunt servanda (treaties must be observed)

Answer

Ex injuria jus non oritur (no right arises from a wrong)

Answer

Nullum crimen sine lege (no crime without a law)

Question 13

Which of these is **NOT** a recognized defense to state responsibility under international law?

Accepted Answer

Consent of the Affected State

Answer

Force Majeure

Answer

Necessity

Answer

Self-Defense

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a prerequisite for state responsibility under international law?

Accepted Answer

The act must be committed within the territory of the state.

Answer

The act must be attributable to the state.

Answer

The act must be contrary to international law.

Answer

The act must cause damage to another state.

Question 15

What is the primary consequence of a state's breach of an international obligation?

Accepted Answer

Reparation

Answer

Compensation

Answer

Satisfaction

Answer

Restitution

Question 16

What is the difference between direct and indirect state responsibility?

Accepted Answer

Direct responsibility arises from an act of the state itself, while indirect responsibility arises from the acts of its organs or agents.

Answer

Indirect responsibility arises from an act of the state itself, while direct responsibility arises from the acts of its organs or agents.

Answer

There is no difference between direct and indirect state responsibility.

Answer

Direct responsibility is always more serious than indirect responsibility.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a factor considered when determining the gravity of a breach of international law?

Accepted Answer

The political consequences of the breach

Answer

The nature of the obligation breached

Answer

The extent of the damage caused

Answer

The intent of the state

Question 18

What is the significance of the principle of attributability in international law?

Accepted Answer

It establishes that a state is only responsible for acts that are attributable to it.

Answer

It prevents states from being held responsible for the acts of non-state actors.

Answer

It allows states to escape responsibility for their own acts.

Answer

It is irrelevant to the question of state responsibility.

Question 19

What is the difference between primary and secondary rules of international law?

Accepted Answer

Primary rules establish the rights and obligations of states, while secondary rules govern the enforcement of primary rules.

Answer

Secondary rules establish the rights and obligations of states, while primary rules govern the enforcement of secondary rules.

Answer

There is no difference between primary and secondary rules of international law.

Answer

Primary rules are more important than secondary rules.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a recognized defense to state responsibility?

Accepted Answer

Contributory negligence of the injured state.

Answer

Consent of the injured state.

Answer

Self-defense.

Answer

Force majeure.

Question 21

What is the primary legal consequence of state responsibility for an internationally wrongful act?

Accepted Answer

Reparation.

Answer

Sanctions imposed by an international organization.

Answer

Apology.

Answer

Expulsion of diplomatic personnel.

Question 22

What is the distinction between primary and secondary rules of state responsibility?

Accepted Answer

Primary rules define the obligations of states, while secondary rules establish the consequences for breach of those obligations.

Answer

Secondary rules define the obligations of states, while primary rules establish the consequences for breach of those obligations.

Answer

There is no distinction between primary and secondary rules of state responsibility.

Answer

Primary rules apply to individuals, while secondary rules apply to states.

Question 23

Which of the following is an example of a continuous internationally wrongful act?

Accepted Answer

Occupation of territory.

Answer

Breach of a treaty.

Answer

Torture.

Answer

Genocide.

Question 24

What is the primary purpose of the International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility?

Accepted Answer

To codify the existing rules of state responsibility in international law.

Answer

To create new rules of state responsibility.

Answer

To interpret existing rules of state responsibility.

Answer

To abolish the concept of state responsibility.

Question 25

Assess the effectiveness of international law on state responsibility in preventing international wrongdoing and ensuring accountability. Consider both its strengths and limitations.

Accepted Answer

Moderately effective as it raises awareness and influences state behavior, despite challenges in implementation.

Answer

Highly effective due to its comprehensive framework and consistent enforcement mechanisms.

Answer

Ineffective because states often violate their obligations without consequences.

Answer

Too burdensome and restrictive, undermining state sovereignty.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a valid defense to state responsibility?

Accepted Answer

Contributory negligence of the injured state

Answer

Necessity

Answer

Self-defense

Answer

Force majeure

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a form of reparation?

Accepted Answer

Expropriation

Answer

Compensation

Answer

Restitution in kind

Answer

Satisfaction

Question 28

What is the fundamental difference between restitution in kind and compensation?

Accepted Answer

Restitution in kind seeks to restore the injured state to its original condition, while compensation provides monetary damages.

Answer

Compensation seeks to restore the injured state to its original condition, while restitution in kind provides monetary damages.

Answer

Both restitution in kind and compensation aim to restore the injured state to its original condition.

Answer

Neither restitution in kind nor compensation seeks to restore the injured state to its original condition.

Question 29

Which international convention is widely recognized for its pivotal role in shaping the contemporary understanding of state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts?

Accepted Answer

International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility

Answer

Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War

Answer

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

Answer

Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a condition for state responsibility under international law?

Accepted Answer

The act or omission is consistent with the state's domestic law

Answer

The act or omission constitutes a breach of an international obligation

Answer

The act or omission is attributable to the state

Question 31

What is the primary consequence of state responsibility?

Accepted Answer

Reparation

Answer

Expulsion of diplomats

Answer

Retaliation

Answer

Sanctions

Question 32

What is the difference between primary and secondary rules of state responsibility?

Accepted Answer

Primary rules establish the wrongful conduct, while secondary rules establish the legal consequences of wrongful conduct.

Answer

Primary rules are more important than secondary rules.

Question 33

Which of the following is an example of a continuing wrongful act?

Accepted Answer

Pollution of a river that flows through multiple states

Answer

A breach of a treaty obligation that is no longer in force

Answer

A single act of aggression

Question 34

What is the doctrine of attribution?

Accepted Answer

The principle that a state is responsible for the acts of its organs and officials

Answer

The principle that a state is responsible for the acts of its citizens

Answer

The principle that a state is responsible for the acts of other states that it controls

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a factor to be considered in determining the extent of a state's responsibility?

Accepted Answer

The level of economic development of the state

Answer

The gravity of the breach

Answer

The intention of the state

Question 36

Under the International Law Commission (ILC) Articles on State Responsibility, which of the following is NOT a condition for state responsibility?

Accepted Answer

Absence of damage

Answer

Conduct must be attributable to the state

Answer

Conduct must be contrary to international law

Question 37

Which of the following is a defense to state responsibility under international law?

Accepted Answer

Force majeure

Answer

Lack of knowledge

Answer

Contributory negligence

Answer

Countermeasures

Question 38

What is the primary consequence of state responsibility for an internationally wrongful act?

Accepted Answer

Reparation

Answer

Denunciation

Answer

Sanctions

Answer

Suspension of diplomatic relations

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a form of reparation for an internationally wrongful act?

Accepted Answer

Self-defense

Answer

Restitution

Answer

Compensation

Answer

Satisfaction

Question 40

What is the principle of international law that holds states responsible for the actions of their organs and agents?

Accepted Answer

Attribution

Answer

Responsibility

Answer

Imputability

Answer

Liability

Question 41

Which of the following is a circumstance that may preclude attribution of conduct to a state?

Accepted Answer

Absence of effective control

Answer

Lack of permission

Answer

Self-defense

Answer

Force majeure

Question 42

What is the temporal scope of state responsibility?

Accepted Answer

From the moment of the wrongful act until reparation is made

Answer

From the moment of the wrongful act until the injured state demands reparation

Answer

From the moment of the wrongful act until the state ceases to exist

Question 43

Which of the following factors is NOT relevant in determining the extent of reparation owed by a state for an internationally wrongful act?

Accepted Answer

The economic capacity of the injured state

Answer

The degree of damage caused

Answer

The gravity of the wrongful act

Answer

The intention of the state responsible

Question 44

What is the concept of state responsibility in international law?

Accepted Answer

The legal obligation of a state to make amends for internationally wrongful acts

Answer

The obligation of a state to comply with its international obligations

Answer

The duty of a state to respect the sovereignty of other states

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of state responsibility?

Accepted Answer

Subjective

Answer

Individual

Answer

Objective

Answer

Collective