Master Ethical Reasoning: Online Quizzes for Philosophy MA Students

Question 1

Which ethical theory prioritizes the outcomes of an action over the action itself?

Accepted Answer

Consequentialism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Kantianism

Question 2

Analyze the ethical dilemmas and potential benefits of genetic technologies, considering their impact on human well-being.

Accepted Answer

Genetic technologies offer the potential to treat genetic diseases, but also raise concerns about genetic discrimination and the misuse of genetic information.

Answer

Genetic technologies should be limited to medical applications to minimize the risk of misuse.

Answer

The ethical implications of genetic technologies are negligible, as they primarily affect individuals with genetic conditions.

Answer

Genetic technologies should be prohibited due to the significant risks they pose to human well-being.

Question 3

Assess the idea of moral progress and discuss the challenges and opportunities for ethical advancement over time.

Accepted Answer

Moral progress is achievable but demands active effort, critical reflection, and dedication to ethical principles.

Answer

Moral progress is an illusion, and ethical standards are solely relative to time and culture.

Answer

Moral progress is inevitable, driven by the natural evolution of human reason and empathy.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT considered a virtue in virtue ethics?

Accepted Answer

Intelligence

Answer

Courage

Answer

Temperance

Answer

Justice

Question 5

In contrast to other ethical theories, virtue ethics emphasizes:

Accepted Answer

Developing individual character and moral virtues as the foundation for ethical decision-making

Answer

Establishing universal moral principles applicable to all situations

Answer

Prioritizing the consequences of actions in ethical decision-making

Answer

Adhering exclusively to moral rules and duties, similar to deontology

Question 6

Analyze the ethical implications of the gig economy, considering the evolving nature of work in modern society.

Accepted Answer

Ethical considerations in the gig economy focus on ensuring fair compensation and appropriate working conditions.

Answer

The gig economy provides flexibility and economic empowerment, minimizing ethical concerns.

Answer

Ethical issues in the gig economy are comparable to those in traditional employment models.

Answer

Ethical responsibilities in the gig economy are exclusively borne by individual gig workers.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT considered a major ethical theory?

Accepted Answer

Existentialism

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Kantianism

Answer

Deontology

Question 8

According to Utilitarianism, what should be maximized to determine the right action?

Accepted Answer

Happiness

Answer

Virtue

Answer

Duty

Answer

Knowledge

Question 9

Kantian ethics is based on the idea that the right action is determined by:

Accepted Answer

Its conformity to a universal moral law

Answer

Its consequences

Answer

Its promotion of human rights

Answer

Its adherence to religious principles

Question 10

Deontological ethics emphasizes the importance of:

Accepted Answer

Duties and obligations

Answer

Consequences of actions

Answer

Intrinsic value of individuals

Answer

Moral virtues

Question 11

Which ethical theory places a primary focus on the development of moral character?

Accepted Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Kantianism

Answer

Deontology

Question 12

According to cultural relativism, moral values are:

Accepted Answer

Relative to specific cultures and societies

Answer

Universal and objective

Answer

Determined by religious beliefs

Answer

Fixed and unchanging

Question 13

Which ethical principle requires us to respect the autonomy of others?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Non-maleficence

Answer

Justice

Question 14

Which ethical theories both assume that moral judgments are based on reason and logic?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism and Kantianism

Answer

Utilitarianism and Virtue ethics

Answer

Deontology and Existentialism

Answer

Kantianism and Existentialism

Question 15

Precise: Which fundamental principle is central to utilitarianism?

Accepted Answer

Balanced: The greatest happiness for the majority

Answer

Plausible: The inherent significance of human life

Answer

Relevant: The moral imperative that guides actions

Answer

Relevant: The agreement that establishes a society's rules

Question 16

Clear: According to Kantian ethics, an action is considered morally right if it:

Accepted Answer

Precise: Conforms to the categorical imperative

Answer

Plausible: Produces the greatest overall benefit

Answer

Relevant: Follows the principle of reciprocity

Answer

Plausible: Is approved by societal norms

Question 17

Precise: Which criticism is commonly raised against virtue ethics?

Accepted Answer

Relevant: Its subjective nature, lacking clear guidelines

Answer

Plausible: Its reliance on outdated ideas of virtue

Answer

Plausible: Its incompatibility with modern society's values

Answer

Balanced: Its disregard for the consequences of actions

Question 18

Relevant: In determining the permissibility of euthanasia, which ethical principle is most pertinent?

Accepted Answer

Precise: Respect for patient autonomy

Answer

Plausible: The duty to do good

Answer

Plausible: Ensuring fair and equitable treatment

Answer

Relevant: Avoiding harm

Question 19

Precise: Which philosopher is renowned for developing the concept of 'moral luck'?

Accepted Answer

Correct: Bernard Williams, a contemporary moral philosopher

Answer

Plausible: Aristotle, a foundational philosopher

Answer

Plausible: Kant, known for his moral philosophy

Answer

Plausible: Mill, a prominent utilitarian

Question 20

Precise: The principle of double effect permits an action to be morally allowable even if it entails a foreseeable negative outcome, provided that:

Accepted Answer

Correct: The negative outcome is not intended

Answer

Plausible: The negative outcome is outweighed by the positive outcome

Answer

Plausible: The action is driven by a virtuous motive

Answer

Plausible: The action is approved by the majority

Question 21

Clear: Which ethical theory emphasizes the significance of duty and obligation?

Accepted Answer

Correct: Deontology, prioritizing rules and obligations

Answer

Plausible: Virtue ethics, focusing on character traits

Answer

Plausible: Utilitarianism, seeking the greatest overall benefit

Answer

Plausible: Care ethics, emphasizing relationships and caregiving

Question 22

Clear: The thought experiment known as the 'veiling of ignorance' is associated with:

Accepted Answer

Correct: John Rawls, a renowned social contract theorist

Answer

Plausible: Immanuel Kant, a prominent philosopher

Answer

Plausible: Friedrich Nietzsche, a philosopher known for his critiques

Answer

Plausible: Michel Foucault, a philosopher and social theorist

Question 23

Clear: Which ethical concept refers to the inherent dignity and worthiness of all human beings?

Accepted Answer

Correct: Sanctity of life, recognizing the inherent value of human life

Answer

Plausible: Rights, pertaining to entitlements and protections

Answer

Plausible: Virtue, referring to admirable character traits

Answer

Plausible: Responsibility, emphasizing obligations and accountability

Question 24

Relevant: In environmental ethics, Aldo Leopold's concept known as the 'land ethic' emphasizes:

Accepted Answer

Correct: The intrinsic value of nature and the land

Answer

Plausible: The need to protect biodiversity

Answer

Plausible: The importance of sustainable resource utilization

Answer

Plausible: The extension of ethical consideration to animals

Question 25

Characteristics of ethical theories do NOT include:

Accepted Answer

Relying on empirical evidence.

Answer

Providing a framework for moral decision-making.

Answer

Making judgments about the rightness or wrongness of actions.

Answer

Aiding in the understanding of morality's nature.

Question 26

According to utilitarianism, the appropriate action is one that:

Accepted Answer

Brings the greatest happiness to the most people.

Answer

Adheres to the highest moral principles.

Answer

Aligns with natural law.

Answer

Conforms to the categorical imperative.

Question 27

Kantian ethics defines the right action as one that:

Accepted Answer

Satisfies the categorical imperative.

Answer

Produces the greatest happiness for the most people.

Answer

Complies with natural law.

Answer

Follows the Golden Rule.

Question 28

Virtue ethics emphasizes actions that:

Accepted Answer

Align with virtues.

Answer

Maximize happiness for the greatest number of people.

Answer

Adhere to the categorical imperative.

Answer

Comply with natural law.

Question 29

Feminist ethics does NOT include:

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Care ethics

Answer

Ethics of domination

Answer

Virtue ethics

Question 30

According to moral particularism:

Accepted Answer

Moral values vary depending on the context.

Answer

Universal moral principles do not exist.

Answer

Universal moral principles apply to every situation.

Answer

Moral principles stem from experience.

Question 31

Which ethical theory prioritizes maximizing overall happiness?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Kantianism

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental concept in Immanuel Kant's theory of ethics?

Accepted Answer

Greatest happiness principle

Answer

Categorical imperative

Answer

Good will

Answer

Hypothetical imperative

Question 33

According to virtue ethics, the central focus should be on developing:

Accepted Answer

Virtuous character traits

Answer

Pleasurable experiences

Answer

Universal moral rules

Answer

Logical reasoning skills

Question 34

Which ethical principle emphasizes the obligation to tell the truth, even in difficult situations?

Accepted Answer

Veracity

Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Non-contradiction

Answer

Beneficence

Question 35

A moral dilemma arises when an individual faces:

Accepted Answer

Two or more conflicting moral options

Answer

A single clear moral choice

Answer

Uncertain consequences of actions

Answer

A conflict between personal values

Question 36

Which ethical theory contends that individuals should act solely based on their own well-being?

Accepted Answer

Egoism

Answer

Altruism

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Kantianism

Question 37

The process of critically evaluating one's moral beliefs and values is known as:

Accepted Answer

Moral reflection

Answer

Ethical reasoning

Answer

Virtue formation

Answer

Utilitarian calculation

Question 38

Which of the following factors has NO influence on moral decision-making?

Accepted Answer

Mathematical equations

Answer

Personal experiences

Answer

Societal norms

Answer

Logical arguments

Question 39

The ethical principle of autonomy emphasizes the importance of:

Accepted Answer

Individuals' right to make their own choices

Answer

Following social conventions

Answer

Promoting the greatest good for the majority

Answer

Developing virtuous character traits

Question 40

Which ethical theory places the pursuit of pleasure as the ultimate good?

Accepted Answer

Hedonism

Answer

Deontological ethics

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Virtue theory

Question 41

According to utilitarian principles, the morally correct action is the one that:

Accepted Answer

Produces the greatest overall happiness

Answer

Conforms to universal moral rules

Answer

Develops personal virtue

Answer

Prevents harm to others

Question 42

Which of the following concepts is central to virtue theory?

Accepted Answer

Eudaimonia (flourishing)

Answer

Categorical imperative

Answer

Principle of utility

Answer

Intrinsic value

Question 43

An ethical predicament in which adhering to one moral principle necessitates violating another is referred to as a:

Accepted Answer

Moral dilemma

Answer

Moral paradox

Answer

Moral obligation

Answer

Ethical impasse

Question 44

In Kant's deontological ethics, the categorical imperative refers to:

Accepted Answer

A universal moral principle binding all rational beings

Answer

A principle guiding actions based on their consequences

Answer

A virtue to be cultivated for moral development

Answer

A social contract defining moral duties

Question 45

Which ethical theory emphasizes the consequences of actions in determining morality?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Contractualism

Answer

Existentialism

Question 46

Ethical relativism posits that:

Accepted Answer

Moral values vary depending on cultures and individuals

Answer

Moral values are absolute and universal

Answer

Ethics is derived solely from religious beliefs

Answer

Morality is based solely on scientific knowledge

Question 47

In the trolley problem, a person can save five lives by diverting a trolley to kill one person. Which ethical theory supports this action?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Virtue theory

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Existentialism

Question 48

Which characteristic is essential for ethical decision-making?

Accepted Answer

Reasoning and deliberation

Answer

Bias and prejudice

Answer

Impulsiveness and emotion

Answer

Groupthink and conformity

Question 49

Which ethical theory is missing from the following list: deontology, teleology, and virtue ethics?

Accepted Answer

Nihilism

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Kantianism

Answer

Existentialism

Question 50

According to utilitarianism, the right action is the one that:

Accepted Answer

Produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

Answer

Adheres to universal moral rules

Answer

Develops virtuous character traits

Answer

Respects individual autonomy

Question 51

Deontology, in contrast to utilitarianism, emphasizes the:

Accepted Answer

Adherence to moral rules

Answer

Consequences of actions

Answer

Intentions of the agent

Answer

Impact on the agent's character

Question 52

Which ethical principle recognizes the inherent value and dignity of individuals?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Answer

Non-maleficence

Question 53

Justice, as an ethical principle, emphasizes:

Accepted Answer

Treating people fairly and equitably

Answer

Maximizing benefits and minimizing risks

Answer

Respecting individual autonomy

Answer

Avoiding harm to others

Question 54

Natural law theory grounds moral obligations in:

Accepted Answer

Human reason and nature

Answer

Divine revelation

Answer

Social conventions

Answer

Cultural traditions

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a core concept in Kantian ethics?

Accepted Answer

Greatest happiness for the greatest number

Answer

Categorical imperative

Answer

Good will

Answer

Universalizability

Question 56

According to utilitarianism, the right action:

Accepted Answer

Maximizes overall well-being

Answer

Conforms strictly to moral rules

Answer

Promotes personal happiness

Answer

Prioritizes duty and obligation

Question 57

A key distinction in virtue ethics is:

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic vs. instrumental value

Answer

Deontological vs. teleological reasoning

Answer

Universal vs. particular principles

Answer

Subjective vs. objective morality

Question 58

Which ethical theory emphasizes adherence to moral rules and duties?

Accepted Answer

Deontology

Answer

Teleology

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Subjectivism

Question 59

A limitation of ethical relativism is its:

Accepted Answer

Erosion of objective moral standards

Answer

Incompatibility with cultural diversity

Answer

Impracticality in real-world scenarios

Answer

Overemphasis on individual perspectives

Question 60

According to Kant, the categorical imperative requires actions that:

Accepted Answer

Universalize as moral laws

Answer

Maximize short-term pleasure

Answer

Follow societal norms and customs

Answer

Lead to desirable consequences

Question 61

Virtue ethics defines a virtuous person as one with:

Accepted Answer

Stable and virtuous character traits

Answer

Strict adherence to moral rules

Answer

A pursuit of personal happiness

Answer

A utilitarian outlook that prioritizes maximizing well-being

Question 62

According to utilitarianism, the moral value of an action is primarily determined by:

Accepted Answer

Its consequences and impact on well-being

Answer

Its adherence to moral rules and principles

Answer

Its intentions and motivations

Answer

Its alignment with personal beliefs and values

Question 63

Analyze the ethical complexities of global supply chains and discuss the ethical obligations of corporations to ensure fair labor practices and environmental sustainability.

Accepted Answer

Corporations are ethically bound to uphold fair labor practices and environmental sustainability throughout their supply chains.

Answer

Corporations have no ethical responsibility beyond maximizing profits for shareholders.

Answer

Government regulations alone can adequately address ethical challenges in global supply chains.

Question 64

Evaluate the ethical challenges faced by whistleblowers who report misconduct within organizations. Consider the potential risks and legal and moral protections available to them.

Accepted Answer

Whistleblowers should carefully weigh the potential consequences and available protections before reporting misconduct.

Answer

Whistleblowing should always be encouraged, as it always leads to positive outcomes for whistleblowers.

Answer

Organizations have no ethical obligation to protect whistleblowers, as they are acting in the organization's best interests.

Answer

The potential risks to whistleblowers outweigh the importance of reporting wrongdoing within organizations.