Prenatal and Infant Development: A Comprehensive Guide for Psychology Students

Question 1

In which order do the three prenatal development stages occur?

Accepted Answer

Germinal, embryonic, fetal

Answer

Embryonic, germinal, fetal

Answer

Fetal, embryonic, germinal

Question 2

Precise Question: Who proposed the concept of the 'zone of proximal development', where children learn through interactions with more skilled individuals?

Accepted Answer

B. Lev Vygotsky

Answer

A. Jean Piaget

Answer

C. Erik Erikson

Answer

D. John Bowlby

Question 3

Precise Question: Identify the reflex that enables newborns to instinctively grasp objects placed in their hands.

Accepted Answer

C. Palmar grasp reflex

Answer

A. Babinski reflex

Answer

B. Rooting reflex

Answer

D. Moro reflex

Question 4

Precise Question: Which technique is used to assess an infant's ability to respond to visual stimuli?

Accepted Answer

A. Preferential looking

Answer

B. Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

C. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

D. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 5

According to Piaget's theory, which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the emergence of abstract reasoning abilities?

Accepted Answer

Formal operational

Answer

Sensorimotor

Answer

Preoperational

Answer

Concrete operational

Question 6

In attachment theory, what primarily determines the type of attachment a child develops with their primary caregiver?

Accepted Answer

Both 1 and 2

Answer

The child's temperament

Answer

The caregiver's consistency and responsiveness

Answer

The quality of the home environment

Question 7

According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which factor plays a crucial role in driving learning during infancy?

Accepted Answer

Social interaction with adults

Answer

Independent exploration

Answer

Self-directed play

Answer

Imitation of peers

Question 8

The development of language in infants typically progresses through which sequence of stages?

Accepted Answer

Cooing, babbling, single words, first words

Answer

Single words, first words, two-word combinations

Answer

Simple sentences, complex sentences

Answer

Two-word combinations, simple sentences, complex sentences

Question 9

The period of rapid brain growth and development that occurs in early infancy is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Synaptogenesis

Answer

Neurogenesis

Answer

Myelination

Answer

Pruning

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a major milestone in the prenatal development of a human fetus?

Accepted Answer

Emergence of self-consciousness

Answer

Formation of the neural tube

Answer

Development of the heart and circulatory system

Answer

Formation of the placenta

Question 11

What is the name of the involuntary reflex that allows infants to grasp objects placed in their palms?

Accepted Answer

Palmar reflex

Answer

Babinski reflex

Answer

Rooting reflex

Answer

Moro reflex

Question 12

Which of the following is considered a fundamental need of infants, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Accepted Answer

Physiological needs

Answer

Love and belonging

Answer

Esteem

Answer

Self-actualization

Question 13

Which of the following is a key characteristic of responsive parenting?

Accepted Answer

Reacting appropriately to infant cues

Answer

Setting clear boundaries

Answer

Using physical punishment

Answer

Ignoring infant's cries

Question 14

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of a secure attachment relationship between an infant and their primary caregiver?

Accepted Answer

The infant confidently explores their surroundings while the caregiver is present.

Answer

The infant remains indifferent to the presence or absence of the caregiver.

Answer

The infant becomes overly distressed when the caregiver leaves.

Answer

The infant has difficulty calming themselves without the caregiver's presence.

Question 15

Which neuroimaging technique is commonly employed to study the developing brain in infants due to its non-invasive nature and high resolution?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Computed tomography (CT)

Question 16

The Apgar score is primarily used to evaluate the:

Accepted Answer

Overall health and well-being of a newborn infant.

Answer

Cognitive abilities of an infant.

Answer

Social-emotional development of an infant.

Answer

Language skills of an infant.

Question 17

The development of object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight, is a significant milestone in an infant's:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive development

Answer

Social-emotional development

Answer

Physical development

Answer

Language development

Question 18

In most traditional family structures, the primary caregiver responsible for providing daily care and nurturing to an infant is typically:

Accepted Answer

The mother

Answer

The father

Answer

Grandparents or other extended family members

Answer

Daycare providers or nannies

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a stage of prenatal development?

Accepted Answer

Infantile

Answer

Embryonic

Answer

Fetal

Answer

Zygote

Question 20

According to Piaget's theory, during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, infants primarily learn through?

Accepted Answer

Sensory and motor experiences

Answer

Abstract reasoning

Answer

Language acquisition

Answer

Social interactions

Question 21

A study finds that infants exposed to music in utero show improved cognitive skills later in life. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Prenatal experience effects

Answer

Nature vs. Nurture debate

Answer

Infant temperament research

Answer

Attachment theory

Question 22

Which of the following neurotransmitters plays a role in infant-caregiver bonding?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Estrogen

Question 23

The idea of 'scaffolding' in infant development involves:

Accepted Answer

Providing support to help infants learn new skills

Answer

Punishing infants for inappropriate behavior

Answer

Ignoring infants to foster independence

Answer

Rewarding infants for desired outcomes

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a stage in Piaget's sensorimotor period? **(Difficulty: Easy)**

Accepted Answer

Symbolic representation

Answer

Object permanence

Answer

Circular reactions

Answer

Imitation

Question 25

According to attachment theory, which type of attachment is characterized by a secure bond between infant and caregiver, and distress when separated? **(Difficulty: Medium)**

Accepted Answer

Secure

Answer

Avoidant

Answer

Anxious-ambivalent

Answer

Disorganized

Question 26

What is the name of the reflex that supports the sucking response in neonates? **(Difficulty: Easy)**

Accepted Answer

Rooting reflex

Answer

Babinski reflex

Answer

Grasp reflex

Answer

Moro reflex

Question 27

Which neuroimaging technique is commonly used to study brain development in infants? **(Difficulty: Medium)**

Accepted Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Computed tomography (CT)

Question 28

What is the term for the process by which infants learn to imitate the actions of others? **(Difficulty: Easy)**

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Answer

Mirror neurons

Answer

Social referencing

Answer

Empathy

Question 29

What is the term for the type of learning that occurs through repeated exposure to a stimulus? **(Difficulty: Easy)**

Accepted Answer

Habituation

Answer

Operant conditioning

Answer

Classical conditioning

Answer

Associative learning

Question 30

Which factor is considered the primary influence on infant language development?

Accepted Answer

Parental input

Answer

Prenatal exposure to language

Answer

Infant's cognitive abilities

Answer

Peer interactions

Question 31

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the primary developmental task during the first year of life?

Accepted Answer

Trust versus mistrust

Answer

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Answer

Initiative versus guilt

Answer

Industry versus inferiority

Question 32

Which reflex is a newborn's involuntary response to being startled by a sudden sound or movement?

Accepted Answer

Moro reflex

Answer

Rooting reflex

Answer

Grasp reflex

Answer

Babinski reflex

Question 33

Which of the following characteristics is NOT commonly associated with preterm infants?

Accepted Answer

Higher birth weight

Answer

Lower birth weight

Answer

Immature organ systems

Answer

Increased risk of developmental delays

Question 34

The concept of epigenetics refers to:

Accepted Answer

Environmental influences altering gene expression without changing the DNA sequence

Answer

Genetic changes that are passed down from parents to offspring

Answer

The process of cell differentiation

Answer

The study of the genome