Thermodynamics and Maxwell's Equations: Master the Fundamentals

Question 1

Which of the following systems is considered an open system?

Accepted Answer

A beaker of water with constant inflow and outflow

Answer

A closed flask filled with gas

Answer

A sealed bottle containing a chemical reaction

Answer

A piston-cylinder system with a fixed piston

Question 2

Which of the following relationships between enthalpy and entropy is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enthalpy and entropy can be either positive or negative.

Answer

Enthalpy and entropy are always positive.

Answer

Enthalpy and entropy are always negative.

Answer

Enthalpy and entropy are always equal.

Question 3

How does statistical thermodynamics deepen our understanding of thermodynamic systems?

Accepted Answer

Provides microscopic insights into macroscopic properties

Answer

Improves accuracy of experimental measurements

Answer

Predicts phase transitions more accurately

Question 4

Which of the following processes is considered isentropic?

Accepted Answer

Adiabatic reversible expansion

Answer

Isothermal irreversible compression

Answer

Adiabatic irreversible expansion

Answer

Isothermal reversible compression

Question 5

The efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between two reservoirs at temperatures T1 and T2 (T1 > T2) is given by:

Accepted Answer

1 - (T2/T1)

Answer

T1 - T2

Answer

1 - (T1/T2)

Answer

T2/T1

Question 6

In a constant volume process, the change in enthalpy of the system is:

Accepted Answer

Always zero

Answer

Always positive

Answer

Always negative

Answer

Either positive or negative

Question 7

In a closed cycle, the net work done by the system is:

Accepted Answer

Always zero

Answer

Always positive

Answer

Always negative

Answer

Either positive or negative

Question 8

For an ideal gas, the internal energy U:

Accepted Answer

Depends solely on temperature

Answer

Depends solely on pressure

Answer

Depends on both temperature and pressure

Answer

Is independent of both temperature and pressure

Question 9

The change in entropy dS for a reversible process is given by:

Accepted Answer

dS = dq / T

Answer

dS > 0

Answer

dS < 0

Answer

dS = 0

Question 10

Which of the following processes occurs at constant pressure?

Accepted Answer

Isobaric

Answer

Isochoric

Answer

Isothermal

Answer

Adiabatic

Question 11

The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as:

Accepted Answer

Work output / Heat input

Answer

Heat output / Work input

Answer

Heat input / Work output

Answer

Work input / Heat output

Question 12

The first law of thermodynamics expresses the principle of:

Accepted Answer

Conservation of energy

Answer

Conservation of mass

Answer

Entropy increase

Answer

Heat flow

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT considered a thermodynamic potential?

Accepted Answer

Entropy change (ΔS)

Answer

Enthalpy (H)

Answer

Gibbs free energy (G)

Answer

Internal energy (U)

Question 14

The Clausius-Clapeyron equation describes the relationship between which two variables in a phase transition?

Accepted Answer

Pressure and temperature

Answer

Volume and temperature

Answer

Entropy and temperature

Answer

Enthalpy and temperature

Question 15

The Joule-Thomson coefficient is defined as the:

Accepted Answer

Rate of change in temperature with respect to pressure at constant enthalpy

Answer

Rate of change in pressure with respect to temperature at constant enthalpy

Answer

Rate of change in enthalpy with respect to temperature at constant pressure

Answer

Rate of change in pressure with respect to enthalpy at constant temperature

Question 16

The Carnot cycle is a theoretical heat engine that operates between two:

Accepted Answer

Isothermal reservoirs

Answer

Adiabatic reservoirs

Answer

Isobaric reservoirs

Answer

Isochoric reservoirs

Question 17

The Joule-Thomson coefficient describes the change in temperature of a gas when it undergoes:

Accepted Answer

Adiabatic expansion through a porous plug

Answer

Isothermal compression

Answer

Constant-volume heating

Answer

Constant-pressure cooling

Question 18

Which consequence is directly implied by the second law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

The entropy of an isolated system increases over time

Answer

All heat engines operate with 100% efficiency

Answer

Perpetual motion machines are feasible

Answer

The universe is eternally contracting

Question 19

The Clausius-Clapeyron equation establishes a relationship between:

Accepted Answer

Pressure and temperature during a phase transition

Answer

Entropy and volume of an ideal gas

Answer

Enthalpy and temperature of a chemical reaction

Answer

Gibbs free energy and temperature of a system

Question 20

Which characteristic is unique to a reversible process?

Accepted Answer

The system can return to its initial state after the process

Answer

The entropy of the surroundings increases

Answer

No heat is transferred to or from the system

Answer

The work done on the system equals the heat transferred into the system

Question 21

The efficiency of a Carnot heat engine is primarily determined by:

Accepted Answer

The temperature difference between the hot and cold reservoirs

Answer

The volume ratio of the engine

Answer

The type of working fluid used

Answer

The speed at which the engine operates

Question 22

The fundamental principle expressed by the first law of thermodynamics is:

Accepted Answer

Conservation of energy

Answer

Entropy increase

Answer

Reversibility

Answer

Heat transfer

Question 23

Which Maxwell relation relates entropy and volume?

Accepted Answer

(∂S/∂V)_T = P

Answer

(∂S/∂T)_V = C_V

Answer

(∂S/∂P)_T = -V

Answer

(∂T/∂V)_S = -(∂P/∂S)_V

Question 24

Which thermodynamic property is defined as the sum of internal energy and the product of pressure and volume?

Accepted Answer

Enthalpy

Answer

Entropy

Answer

Gibbs free energy

Answer

Helmholtz free energy

Question 25

Which coefficient measures the change in temperature of a gas upon expansion?

Accepted Answer

Joule-Thomson coefficient

Answer

Joule coefficient

Answer

Thomson coefficient

Answer

Mayer coefficient

Question 26

According to Gauss's law, the divergence of the electric field is proportional to:

Accepted Answer

The total charge within a volume

Answer

The total current flowing into a volume

Answer

The potential at a point

Answer

The magnetic field at a point

Question 27

What is the approximate speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?

Accepted Answer

3 x 10^8 m/s

Answer

1 x 10^5 m/s

Answer

3 x 10^3 m/s

Answer

1 x 10^1 m/s

Question 28

Which thermodynamic property is characterized by its inexact differential?

Accepted Answer

Entropy

Answer

Temperature

Answer

Pressure

Answer

Internal energy

Question 29

Which thermodynamic system is closed to both mass and energy exchange?

Accepted Answer

Isolated system

Answer

Open system

Answer

Closed system

Answer

Adiabatic system

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a dimensionless thermodynamic property?

Accepted Answer

Specific gravity

Answer

Temperature

Answer

Pressure

Answer

Entropy

Question 31

The Joule-Thomson coefficient is a measure of the:

Accepted Answer

Change in temperature of a gas undergoing an isentropic expansion.

Answer

Change in volume of a gas undergoing an isothermal expansion.

Answer

Change in pressure of a gas undergoing an adiabatic expansion.

Answer

Change in internal energy of a gas undergoing an isobaric expansion.

Question 32

In a closed system, if entropy rises, what happens to the entropy of its surroundings?

Accepted Answer

Increases

Answer

Decreases

Answer

Remains constant

Answer

Becomes negative

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT considered a fundamental property of a thermodynamic system?

Accepted Answer

Mass

Answer

Temperature

Answer

Pressure

Answer

Entropy

Question 34

Regarding the entropy of the universe:

Accepted Answer

Constantly increases

Answer

Constantly decreases

Answer

Remains constant

Answer

Cannot be determined

Question 35

Gibbs free energy (G) is defined as which of the following thermodynamic potentials?

Accepted Answer

G = H - TS

Answer

A = H + TS

Answer

F = U - TS

Answer

C = U + TS

Question 36

Maxwell's reciprocity relations connect different thermodynamic properties. Which Maxwell relation relates the isothermal compressibility ($\kappa_T$) and the thermal expansion coefficient ($\beta$)?

Accepted Answer

$\kappa_T = -T\left(\frac{\partial \beta}{\partial P}\right)_T$

Answer

$\kappa_T = -T\left(\frac{\partial \beta}{\partial V}\right)_T$

Answer

$\beta = -T\left(\frac{\partial \kappa_T}{\partial P}\right)_T$

Question 37

The Clausius-Clapeyron equation describes the relationship between pressure (P), temperature (T), enthalpy of vaporization (\Delta H_{vap}), and volume of vaporization (\Delta V_{vap}) during a phase transition. Which of the following is a valid form of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation?

Accepted Answer

$\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{\Delta H_{vap}}{T\Delta V_{vap}}$

Answer

$\frac{dT}{dP} = \frac{\Delta V_{vap}}{T\Delta H_{vap}}$

Answer

$\frac{dP}{dV} = \frac{\Delta S_{vap}}{T}$

Question 38

The Joule-Thomson coefficient (\mu_J-T) is a measure of:

Accepted Answer

The change in temperature of a gas undergoing a throttling process (constant enthalpy)

Answer

The change in volume of a gas undergoing a reversible adiabatic compression

Answer

The change in pressure of a gas undergoing a reversible isothermal expansion

Question 39

In electromagnetism, boundary conditions are essential for solving problems involving different materials. Which boundary condition is associated with the electric potential (\phi)?

Accepted Answer

The electric potential is continuous across a dielectric interface

Answer

The electric field is continuous across a dielectric interface

Answer

The magnetic field is continuous across a conductor-insulator interface

Question 40

The Poynting vector (S) is a vector quantity that represents:

Accepted Answer

The energy flux density of an electromagnetic field

Answer

The momentum density of an electromagnetic field

Answer

The electric field strength of an electromagnetic field

Question 41

Maxwell's equations are a set of mathematical equations that describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields. What is the mathematical form of Maxwell's equations?

Accepted Answer

Partial differential equations

Answer

Algebraic equations

Answer

Linear equations

Answer

Integral equations