Theoretical Foundations of Sociology: Master the Core Concepts

Question 1

Which concept is NOT central to Karl Marx's conflict theory?

Accepted Answer

Social mobility

Answer

Class struggle

Answer

Ideology

Answer

Alienation

Question 2

Which concept is **not** a central tenet of Max Weber's social action theory?

Accepted Answer

Social conflict

Answer

Verstehen

Answer

Ideal type

Answer

Rationalization

Question 3

Which concept is NOT central to Max Weber's social action theory?

Accepted Answer

Social inequality

Answer

Subjective meaning

Answer

Value-rationality

Answer

Instrumental rationality

Question 4

Who proposed the concept of **social solidarity** and viewed society as a system of interconnected parts working together to maintain stability and order?

Accepted Answer

Émile Durkheim

Answer

Karl Marx

Answer

Max Weber

Answer

Talcott Parsons

Question 5

Which concept is NOT a key component of Émile Durkheim's theory of social solidarity, which highlights the significance of shared values and interdependence in maintaining social order?

Accepted Answer

Individualism

Answer

Mechanical solidarity

Answer

Organic solidarity

Answer

Collective conscience

Question 6

In Max Weber's social action theory, what is the key factor in understanding people's actions?

Accepted Answer

Their subjective meanings and interpretations

Answer

Their social class

Answer

Social conflict

Answer

Social institutions

Question 7

Max Weber's theory of social action emphasizes:

Accepted Answer

Individual agency and subjective meaning

Answer

Social structure and objective conditions

Answer

Rejection of social class

Answer

Role of religion in society

Question 8

Who is considered the 'father of sociology' for establishing it as a separate academic field?

Accepted Answer

Auguste Comte

Answer

Karl Marx

Answer

Émile Durkheim

Answer

Max Weber

Question 9

In Karl Marx's conflict theory, what is the main factor driving social inequality?

Accepted Answer

Unequal distribution of economic resources

Answer

Cultural differences

Answer

Individual abilities

Answer

Discrimination

Question 10

According to Pierre Bourdieu, what is the main idea behind social reproduction?

Accepted Answer

Social inequality is passed down through generations.

Answer

Individuals are taught to fit into their social class.

Answer

Social change is a result of social reproduction.

Answer

Social conflict is resolved through social reproduction.

Question 11

Talcott Parsons' structural functionalist theory is centered around the concept of:

Accepted Answer

Social systems

Answer

Social norms

Answer

Social roles

Answer

Social networks

Question 12

In Max Weber's social action theory, which of these is a basic type of social action?

Accepted Answer

Value-rational action

Answer

Social stratification

Answer

Symbolic interactionism

Answer

Structural functionalism

Question 13

In Max Weber's theory, what is the primary determinant of social action?

Accepted Answer

Subjective meaning and interpretation

Answer

Objective social facts

Answer

Economic forces

Answer

Social norms

Question 14

In Max Weber's theory of social action, what is the defining characteristic that differentiates social action from other types of human behavior?

Accepted Answer

Rational motive

Answer

Economic gain

Answer

Social structure

Answer

Social approval

Question 15

Which sociological perspective focuses on the meanings people give to social interactions and how social processes shape our understanding of the world?

Accepted Answer

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer

Functionalism

Answer

Conflict Theory

Answer

Rational Choice Theory

Question 16

In Émile Durkheim's theory of social solidarity, which concept describes the cohesion found in pre-industrial societies where shared values and beliefs are the primary bonding factors?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical solidarity

Answer

Organic solidarity

Answer

Anomie

Answer

Social integration

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of rational action, according to Max Weber?

Accepted Answer

Affective

Answer

Intentional

Answer

Value-rational

Answer

Goal-oriented

Question 18

According to Karl Marx, the primary source of conflict within capitalist societies is:

Accepted Answer

The struggle between capital owners and the working class

Answer

Disparities between urban and rural populations

Answer

Tensions between religious groups

Answer

Competition among ethnic or racial groups

Question 19

Which of the following is a central concept in Karl Marx's conflict theory?

Accepted Answer

Social class struggle

Answer

Social harmony

Answer

Symbolic interaction

Answer

Structural functionalism

Question 20

Which concept is absent from Talcott Parsons' structural functionalist theory?

Accepted Answer

Social conflict

Answer

Social system

Answer

Pattern variables

Answer

Latent function

Question 21

Which concept is central to Talcott Parsons' structural functionalist perspective?

Accepted Answer

Social order

Answer

Social action

Answer

Symbolic interaction

Answer

Class conflict

Question 22

Question:

Who theorized that social classes are inherently conflicting groups within capitalist societies, leading to class struggle?

Accepted Answer

Karl Marx

Answer

Émile Durkheim

Answer

Max Weber

Answer

Talcott Parsons

Question 23

Who among the founding sociologists is credited with introducing the concept of 'social facts'?

Accepted Answer

Émile Durkheim

Answer

Karl Marx

Answer

Max Weber

Answer

Talcott Parsons

Question 24

Which sociologist theorized social action and examined the impact of the Protestant work ethic on the rise of capitalism?

Accepted Answer

Max Weber

Answer

Auguste Comte

Answer

Karl Marx

Answer

Émile Durkheim

Question 25

According to Robert K. Merton, what is the main purpose of middle-range theory in sociology?

Accepted Answer

To provide a framework for understanding specific social situations

Answer

To create general laws that explain all human behavior

Answer

To only test and improve existing sociological theories

Answer

To create the basis for social policies and interventions

Question 26

Which sociologist is primarily known for developing the concept of 'social action'?

Accepted Answer

Max Weber

Answer

Auguste Comte

Answer

Karl Marx

Answer

Émile Durkheim

Question 27

In Karl Marx's theory of social conflict, which concept is considered fundamental?

Accepted Answer

Social alienation

Answer

Symbolic interactionism

Answer

Structural functionalism

Answer

Rational choice theory

Question 28

In Émile Durkheim's theory of social solidarity, which concept is central?

Accepted Answer

Group consciousness

Answer

Social hierarchy

Answer

Symbolic interaction

Answer

Rationalization

Question 29

According to Max Weber's social action theory, what is the primary factor influencing human behavior?

Accepted Answer

Subjective interpretations and meanings

Answer

External societal influences

Answer

Economic structures

Question 30

In Talcott Parsons' structural functionalist theory, which concept underscores the stability and equilibrium of social systems?

Accepted Answer

Social equilibrium

Answer

Social conflict

Answer

Symbolic interaction

Answer

Social reproduction

Question 31

Zygmunt Bauman's theory of liquid modernity suggests that contemporary society is defined by:

Accepted Answer

Flexible and short-lived social connections and institutions

Answer

Unchanging and lasting social structures

Answer

A clear and predictable path for social progress

Question 32

In Karl Marx's conflict theory, what concept is central to understanding societal dynamics?

Accepted Answer

Social stratification and class struggle

Answer

Symbolic interaction and micro-level analysis

Answer

Social equilibrium and value consensus

Answer

Postmodern fragmentation and relativism

Question 33

In Émile Durkheim's theory, which feature is crucial for societies characterized by mechanical solidarity?

Accepted Answer

Shared values and beliefs

Answer

Specialized roles

Answer

Individual rights

Answer

Low social integration

Question 34

According to critical theory, as developed by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, what is their view of the existing social order?

Accepted Answer

It is inherently oppressive and exploitative.

Answer

It is based on rational principles and promotes individual freedom.

Answer

It is constantly evolving and adapting to meet the needs of society.

Answer

It is primarily shaped by cultural values and norms.

Question 35

Auguste Comte, the founder of sociology, believed in which method for studying society?

Accepted Answer

Positivism

Answer

Introspection

Answer

Hermeneutics

Answer

Ethnomethodology

Question 36

According to Talcott Parsons' structural functionalist theory, which of the following is a necessary condition for a stable and well-functioning society in which its members can thrive and prosper?

Accepted Answer

Shared values and beliefs

Accepted Answer

Effective socialization processes

Accepted Answer

A clear division of labor

Answer

Constant and rapid social change

Question 37

In Émile Durkheim's theory of social solidarity, which feature is a defining characteristic of mechanical solidarity?

Accepted Answer

Shared values and beliefs

Answer

Found primarily in modern societies

Answer

High specialization and interdependence

Answer

Maintained through punishment and social control

Question 38

In Émile Durkheim's theory of social solidarity, mechanical solidarity is characterized by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Shared norms, values, beliefs, and sentiments

Answer

A high degree of division of labor and specialization

Answer

Complex and impersonal social interactions

Answer

An emphasis on individualism and personal interests

Question 39

Which of the following concepts did Emile Durkheim introduce to sociology, referring to the shared beliefs, values, and norms that unite and shape a society?

Accepted Answer

Collective Conscience

Answer

Social Stratification

Answer

Dialectical Materialism

Answer

Symbolic Interactionism

Question 40

According to Émile Durkheim's theory, what is the main purpose of social solidarity in society?

Accepted Answer

To guide social behavior and maintain societal stability.

Answer

To foster individual development and self-expression.

Answer

To drive economic growth and technological progress.

Question 41

Which concept is NOT a key element of Émile Durkheim's structural functionalism theory, which emphasizes how societal institutions preserve social stability?

Accepted Answer

Social conflict

Answer

Social solidarity

Answer

Collective conscience

Question 42

Which sociological perspective emphasizes social conflict as the primary driver of social change?

Accepted Answer

Conflict Theory

Answer

Structural Functionalism

Answer

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer

Feminist Theory

Question 43

Which sociological perspective emphasizes the role of shared meanings and symbols in shaping social interactions and behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer

Conflict Theory

Answer

Functionalism

Answer

Structuralism

Question 44

In Karl Marx's theory of social change and conflict, what is the main factor that drives societal transformation and class conflict?

Accepted Answer

The conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.

Answer

Technological advancements.

Answer

Changes in cultural values and beliefs.

Question 45

Within the conflict perspective, which of the following is considered a primary factor in shaping human behavior and social interactions?

Accepted Answer

Power imbalances, exploitation, and control

Answer

Social harmony and shared beliefs

Answer

Symbolic communication and meaning-making

Answer

Socialization and value internalization

Question 46

Who is the sociologist known for developing the concept of 'habitus', which refers to the enduring dispositions and ingrained behavioral patterns acquired through social experiences?

Accepted Answer

Pierre Bourdieu

Answer

Karl Marx

Answer

Max Weber

Question 47

According to Talcott Parsons, a prominent figure in structural functionalism, what is essential for maintaining social order?

Accepted Answer

Shared values and beliefs within a society

Answer

Economic disparities among members of society

Question 48

In George Herbert Mead's theory of symbolic interactionism, which process is crucial for developing one's sense of self?

Accepted Answer

Role-taking

Answer

Social learning

Answer

Self-efficacy

Answer

Cognitive appraisal

Question 49

According to Talcott Parsons' structural functionalist perspective, which of the following is **not** a characteristic of a **healthy** social system?

Accepted Answer

Constant state of social flux and disruption

Answer

Shared values and norms among members

Answer

Well-defined expectations for individual roles

Answer

Efficient socialization mechanisms

Question 50

Which of the following is a fundamental assumption of structural functionalism?

Accepted Answer

Society is a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability.

Answer

Social change is primarily driven by conflict between different groups in society.

Answer

Individuals are rational actors who make decisions based solely on their own self-interest.

Answer

Society is a collection of individuals who interact with each other through symbols and meanings.

Question 51

Which principle is not a fundamental tenet of Karl Marx's conflict theory?

Accepted Answer

Individuals act rationally in pursuit of their self-interests.

Answer

Class struggle drives societal evolution.

Answer

Capitalist society is characterized by the bourgeoisie and proletariat as its primary classes.

Answer

Social structures, including the family and religion, perpetuate the interests of the ruling class.

Question 52

How does Pierre Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital contribute to the perpetuation of social inequality?

Accepted Answer

It provides access to exclusive social networks and resources, reinforcing privileged positions.

Answer

It directly determines economic wealth and income, leading to social stratification.

Answer

It is easily acquired by all individuals, regardless of social background.

Answer

It has no significant impact on social inequality, as it is purely symbolic.

Question 53

In George Herbert Mead's theory of symbolic interactionism, what is crucial for the development of the self?

Accepted Answer

Social interaction and socialization

Answer

Biological factors

Answer

Self-reflection

Answer

Cognitive abilities

Question 54

Which concept is the cornerstone of Max Weber's theory of social action?

Accepted Answer

Verstehen

Answer

Socialization

Answer

Social class

Answer

Social solidarity

Question 55

Critically evaluate Zygmunt Bauman's concept of postmodernity. How does it help us understand the changes in society and culture today?

Accepted Answer

Postmodernity involves rejecting grand narratives and focusing on the local and specific.

Answer

Postmodernity is a return to traditional values and a rejection of modernity.

Answer

Postmodernity is a continuation of modernity, with no significant changes to social structures or cultural practices.

Answer

Postmodernity is only a philosophical concept and has no implications for understanding contemporary society.

Question 56

How does globalization impact social stratification? Explain how global economic and cultural processes influence social inequalities within and between societies.

Accepted Answer

Globalization can increase or decrease social inequalities, depending on management and policies.

Answer

Globalization reduces social inequalities by spreading wealth and opportunities.

Answer

Globalization strengthens social stratification by creating upward mobility opportunities for all.

Answer

Globalization has no significant impact on social stratification, as national policies and culture determine inequalities.

Question 57

Examine the concept of the social construction of race and ethnicity. Explain how social, historical, and political factors influence the formation of racial and ethnic identities.

Accepted Answer

The social construction of race and ethnicity is a complex, ongoing process influenced by various social, historical, and political factors.

Answer

Race and ethnicity are fixed biological categories determined solely by genetics.

Answer

Social, historical, and political contexts have no impact on the formation of racial and ethnic identities.

Answer

Racial and ethnic identities are static and unchangeable.

Question 58

According to Émile Durkheim, what is the primary function of religion in society?

Accepted Answer

To regulate social behavior

Answer

To provide individuals with a sense of belonging

Answer

To promote economic growth

Answer

To maintain political power

Question 59

Which of the following research methods involves immersing oneself in a social setting to observe and participate?

Accepted Answer

Participant observation

Answer

Survey

Answer

Experiment

Answer

Interview

Question 60

Which of the following is a characteristic of a positivistic approach in sociology?

Accepted Answer

Reliance on empirical observation

Answer

Emphasis on qualitative research

Answer

Focus on understanding subjective experiences

Answer

Rejection of scientific methods

Question 61

According to the functionalist perspective, which of the following is NOT a key function of the family?

Accepted Answer

Political regulation

Answer

Socialization

Answer

Economic production

Answer

Religious worship

Question 62

According to Karl Marx, what is the driving force behind social change?

Accepted Answer

Economic conflict

Answer

Political power dynamics

Answer

Cultural values

Answer

Technological innovation

Question 63

Which of the following is a core concept in symbolic interactionism?

Accepted Answer

Meaning-making

Answer

Objectivity

Answer

Structural determinism

Answer

Value-free research

Question 64

Which central concept, introduced by Émile Durkheim, explains suicide as a result of a breakdown in social norms and values?

Accepted Answer

Anomie

Answer

Social solidarity

Answer

Alienation

Answer

Social stratification