Immune Response and Tolerance: Interactive Learning Quizzes for Histology

Question 1

Which cell type is primarily responsible for presenting antigens to T cells?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cells

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

B cells

Question 2

What is the role of MHC molecules in the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

To present antigens to T cells

Answer

To activate B cells

Answer

To differentiate T cells into effector cells

Answer

To inhibit the immune response

Question 3

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by immediate symptoms such as hives and anaphylaxis?

Accepted Answer

Type I

Answer

Type II

Answer

Type III

Answer

Type IV

Question 4

What is the primary function of regulatory T cells?

Accepted Answer

To inhibit immune responses

Answer

To activate B cells

Answer

To differentiate into cytotoxic T cells

Answer

To present antigens to T cells

Question 5

Which cytokine is a key mediator of Th1 cell differentiation?

Accepted Answer

Interferon gamma

Answer

Interleukin-4

Answer

Interleukin-10

Answer

Transforming growth factor beta

Question 6

Which of the following statements best describes the genetic basis of autoimmune diseases?

Accepted Answer

Genetic screening can identify individuals at risk of developing autoimmune diseases.

Answer

Autoimmune diseases are caused by a single genetic defect.

Answer

Environmental factors have no impact on the development of autoimmune diseases.

Answer

Genetic factors do not contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases.

Question 7

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of innate immune responses?

Accepted Answer

Rapid and non-specific defense

Answer

Specificity to a particular antigen

Answer

Mediated by T lymphocytes

Answer

Provides long-term immunological memory

Question 8

What is the primary function of MHC class I molecules?

Accepted Answer

Present antigens to CD8+ T cells

Answer

Present antigens to CD4+ T cells

Answer

Activate B cells

Answer

Inhibit immune responses

Question 9

What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

To present antigens to T cells

Answer

To phagocytose and process antigens

Answer

To produce antibodies

Answer

To destroy infected cells

Question 10

Which of the following is not a role of antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Direct killing of infected cells

Answer

Neutralization of toxins

Answer

Opsonization of pathogens

Answer

Activation of the complement system

Question 11

What is the process by which antibody affinity is enhanced during the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Hypermutation

Answer

Somatic recombination

Answer

Class switching

Answer

Clonal deletion

Question 12

Which cytokine is crucial for regulating immune responses and preventing excessive inflammation?

Accepted Answer

IL-10

Answer

IL-2

Answer

TNF-α

Answer

IFN-γ

Question 13

Which cytokine is essential for the activation and differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

Answer

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)

Answer

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)

Answer

Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

Question 14

Which type of immune cell expresses the CD4 cell surface receptor?

Accepted Answer

Helper T cells

Answer

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer

B cells

Answer

Macrophages

Question 15

What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Maturation of T cells

Answer

Production of B cells

Answer

Destruction of old erythrocytes

Answer

Synthesis of antibodies

Question 16

What is the process by which the immune system distinguishes between self and non-self?

Accepted Answer

Self-tolerance

Answer

Antigen recognition

Answer

Clonal selection

Answer

Immune surveillance

Question 17

Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

Accepted Answer

B cells

Answer

T cells

Answer

NK cells

Answer

Macrophages

Question 18

Which type of immune response is primarily involved in the defence against intracellular pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer

Humoral immunity

Answer

Innate immunity

Answer

Adaptive immunity

Question 19

Which immune cells are specialized in presenting antigens to T cells, initiating an immune response?

Accepted Answer

Antigen-presenting cell (APC)

Answer

Neutrophil

Answer

Macrophage

Answer

Basophil

Question 20

What is the primary function of MHC molecules in the context of the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Presenting antigens to T cells, allowing for antigen recognition and activation

Answer

Binding to antibodies, facilitating antibody-mediated immune responses

Answer

Engulfing pathogens, removing foreign particles through phagocytosis

Answer

Producing cytokines, regulating immune responses through signaling molecules

Question 21

Which type of T cell plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity, directly targeting and eliminating infected or cancerous cells?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cell (Tc cell)

Answer

Regulatory T cell (Treg cell), suppressing immune responses to maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmunity

Answer

Memory T cell, providing long-term immunity through rapid response to previously encountered antigens

Answer

Helper T cell (Th cell), assisting other immune cells and coordinating immune responses

Question 22

What is the primary mechanism by which cytotoxic T cells eliminate target cells?

Accepted Answer

Releasing perforin and granzymes, forming pores and inducing apoptosis in the target cell

Answer

Producing antibodies, binding to specific antigens and neutralizing pathogens

Answer

Activating macrophages, stimulating phagocytosis and antigen presentation

Question 23

Which cytokine is a key mediator of inflammation, promoting the recruitment and activation of immune cells?

Accepted Answer

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Answer

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a cytokine that stimulates the production of neutrophils

Answer

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), a cytokine involved in immune regulation and tissue repair

Answer

Interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses immune responses

Question 24

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in immune tolerance by:

Accepted Answer

Suppressing immune responses to prevent autoimmunity and maintain self-tolerance

Answer

Activating B cells, promoting antibody production and humoral immunity

Answer

Killing infected cells, directly eliminating pathogens through cytotoxic mechanisms

Question 25

Which antibody class is primarily involved in initiating classical complement activation, a key component of the immune response against pathogens?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Answer

IgA, found in mucosal secretions and protecting against infections

Answer

IgG, the most abundant antibody class in the body and involved in long-term immunity

Answer

IgE, involved in allergic reactions and immediate hypersensitivity

Question 26

What is the primary function of the complement system in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Killing pathogens directly and facilitating inflammation through opsonization and chemotaxis

Answer

Suppressing immune responses, preventing excessive immune activation

Answer

Producing antibodies, providing humoral immunity against specific pathogens

Answer

Activating T cells, initiating cell-mediated immune responses

Question 27

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the involvement of IgE antibodies and the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators?

Accepted Answer

Type I

Answer

Type III, involving immune complex formation and complement activation

Answer

Type II, mediated by antibodies against cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction

Question 28

What is the ultimate goal of immune tolerance?

Accepted Answer

Preventing immune responses against the body's own tissues and maintaining self-recognition

Answer

Suppressing immune responses against foreign pathogens, reducing the risk of infection

Answer

Activating immune responses against specific antigens, ensuring effective pathogen elimination