The Central Dogma: A Comprehensive Guide to the Flow of Genetic Information

Question 1

Which of the following is a primary advantage of gene editing techniques?

Accepted Answer

Precise manipulation of gene sequences

Answer

Enhanced translation efficiency

Answer

Increased protein stability

Question 2

Explain the distinct roles of RNA polymerase and ribosomes in the processes of transcription and translation.

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription, while ribosomes decode the RNA sequence and assemble amino acids during translation.

Answer

RNA polymerase and ribosomes have distinct functions in both transcription and translation.

Answer

Ribosomes initiate transcription and synthesize RNA, while RNA polymerase facilitates translation and links amino acids.

Answer

RNA polymerase and ribosomes share similar functions in both transcription and translation.

Question 3

How do exceptions to the Central Dogma, like retroviruses and prions, help us understand the variety and adaptability of genetic systems?

Accepted Answer

They show different ways genetic information can flow.

Answer

They support the idea that genetic information only flows one way.

Answer

They don't affect our understanding of genetic systems.

Question 4

The Central Dogma describes the unidirectional flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. What are the key principles of this concept and how does it impact the transmission of genetic traits across generations?

Accepted Answer

The Central Dogma describes the unidirectional flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, with no reverse flow.

Answer

Genetic information can flow bidirectionally between DNA, RNA, and protein.

Answer

The Central Dogma's unidirectional flow ensures genetic stability and prevents mutations from being passed on to offspring.

Answer

The Central Dogma only applies to eukaryotes, not prokaryotes.

Question 5

Which RNA polymerase is responsible for synthesizing mRNA during transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase II

Answer

RNA polymerase I

Answer

RNA polymerase III

Question 6

What is the process by which a ribosome utilizes mRNA to synthesize a polypeptide chain called?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Answer

Translocation

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Replication

Question 7

What type of bond connects adjacent nucleotides in a DNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

Phosphodiester bond

Answer

Hydrogen bond

Answer

Glycosidic bond

Answer

Peptide bond

Question 8

Which molecule serves as the primary messenger in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

RNA

Answer

DNA

Answer

Protein

Answer

Amino acid

Question 9

What is the function of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in bacterial translation?

Accepted Answer

To facilitate ribosome binding to mRNA

Answer

To terminate translation

Answer

To recruit tRNA molecules

Answer

To splice introns

Question 10

Which amino acid is encoded by the start codon (AUG)?

Accepted Answer

Methionine

Answer

Alanine

Answer

Glycine

Answer

Serine

Question 11

Which molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Answer

mRNA

Answer

rRNA

Answer

snRNA

Question 12

What type of mutation results in the replacement of one amino acid with another in a protein?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation

Answer

Nonsense mutation

Answer

Frameshift mutation

Answer

Silent mutation

Question 13

Which technique is utilized to separate DNA fragments by size?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

PCR

Answer

DNA sequencing

Answer

Restriction enzyme digestion

Question 14

Which macromolecule provides the template for RNA synthesis during transcription?

Accepted Answer

DNA

Answer

RNA

Answer

Protein

Answer

Ribosome

Question 15

Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the polymerization of RNA during transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

DNA polymerase

Answer

Helicase

Answer

Ligase

Question 16

Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

Question 17

What is the complementary base to adenine in RNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil

Answer

Thymine

Answer

Guanine

Answer

Cytosine

Question 18

Which process translates the genetic information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Replication

Answer

Recombination

Question 19

What organelles carry out the process of translation?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a stop codon?

Accepted Answer

AUG

Answer

UAA

Answer

UGA

Answer

UAG

Question 21

Which type of mutation results in the substitution of one amino acid for another?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation

Answer

Nonsense mutation

Answer

Silent mutation

Answer

Frameshift mutation

Question 22

What is the function of introns in eukaryotic genes?

Accepted Answer

They are removed from mRNA before translation

Answer

They encode the amino acid sequences of proteins

Answer

They regulate gene expression

Answer

They protect genes from damage