Respiratory Control: Regulation of Breathing in Physiology

Question 1

Which neurotransmitter is released from the respiratory center to stimulate phrenic nerve motor neurons for inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Glutamate

Question 2

The Bohr effect refers to:

Accepted Answer

The influence of pH on hemoglobin's oxygen affinity

Answer

The effect of CO2 on respiratory rate

Answer

The relationship between ventilation and perfusion

Answer

The role of chemoreceptors in blood pressure regulation

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in the respiratory response to acute hypoxia?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Adrenaline

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 4

The slope of the carbon dioxide dissociation curve is known as the:

Accepted Answer

Buffer value

Answer

Bohr effect

Answer

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

Answer

Respiratory quotient

Question 5

Which of the following is a characteristic of obstructive respiratory diseases?

Accepted Answer

Increased airway resistance

Answer

Reduced dynamic lung compliance

Answer

Increased tidal volume

Answer

Increased respiratory rate

Question 6

The primary role of the vagus nerve in respiratory control is to:

Accepted Answer

Transmit sensory information from the lungs

Answer

Stimulate the diaphragm

Answer

Regulate the heart rate

Answer

Control airway smooth muscle tone

Question 7

Which of the following structures is NOT involved in central chemoreception?

Accepted Answer

Carotid bodies

Answer

Medullary chemoreceptors

Answer

Subfornical organ

Answer

Area postrema

Question 8

What is the primary stimulus for the respiratory center in resting conditions?

Accepted Answer

Increased arterial PCO2

Answer

Increased arterial PO2

Answer

Increased pH

Answer

Decreased pH

Question 9

What is the effect of hyperventilation on blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Increased pH (alkalosis)

Answer

Decreased pH (acidosis)

Answer

No change in pH

Question 10

Which of the following is a characteristic of Cheyne-Stokes breathing?

Accepted Answer

Alternating periods of apnea and hyperventilation

Answer

Shallow, rapid breathing

Answer

Deep, slow breathing

Answer

Regular, rhythmic breathing

Question 11

What is the mechanism by which surfactant reduces surface tension in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Increases the concentration of polar molecules at the air-liquid interface

Answer

Decreases the concentration of polar molecules at the air-liquid interface

Answer

Increases the surface area of the lungs

Answer

Decreases the compliance of the lungs

Question 12

What is the primary function of the intercostal muscles during respiration?

Accepted Answer

Elevation of the ribs during inspiration

Answer

Depression of the ribs during expiration

Answer

Alteration of thoracic cavity volume

Answer

Control of airflow in and out of the lungs

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of the diaphragm?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of digestive enzymes

Answer

Separation of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Answer

Assistance with respiration

Answer

Protection of the heart

Question 14

Which of the following is not a location of peripheral chemoreceptors that sense changes in blood pH and oxygen levels?

Accepted Answer

Medulla oblongata in the brainstem

Answer

Carotid bodies located near the neck arteries

Answer

Aortic bodies located near the aorta

Answer

Glomus pulmonale in the lungs

Question 15

How does a decrease in blood oxygen levels affect respiratory rate?

Accepted Answer

Increases respiratory rate

Answer

Decreases respiratory rate

Answer

No change in respiratory rate

Answer

Variable changes in respiratory rate

Question 16

How does the Frank-Starling law relate to the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

An increase in lung volume leads to an increase in ventilation (airflow)

Answer

An increase in lung volume leads to an increase in airway resistance

Answer

An increase in respiratory rate leads to a decrease in lung compliance

Answer

An increase in airway pressure leads to a decrease in lung volume

Question 17

Which of the following is not a characteristic of obstructive lung diseases, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Accepted Answer

Increased elasticity of the lungs

Answer

Increased resistance to airflow in the airways

Answer

Trapping of air in the lungs

Answer

Over-inflation of the lungs

Question 18

How does the respiratory system primarily compensate for metabolic acidosis, a condition of increased acidity in the body?

Accepted Answer

Increasing ventilation (breathing rate and volume)

Answer

Increasing the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys

Answer

Decreasing the secretion of hydrogen ions in the kidneys

Answer

Increasing the renal excretion of bicarbonate ions

Question 19

Which physiological adaptations occur during exercise to meet the increased oxygen demand?

Accepted Answer

Increased ventilation, heart rate, and oxygen extraction

Answer

Increased ventilation only

Answer

Increased heart rate and oxygen extraction only

Answer

Increased ventilation and heart rate, without change in oxygen extraction

Question 20

Define respiratory failure, a condition in which the lungs are unable to meet the body's demand for oxygen and/or remove carbon dioxide.

Accepted Answer

A condition in which the lungs are unable to meet the body's demand for oxygen and/or remove carbon dioxide.

Answer

A condition caused solely by primary lung diseases.

Answer

A condition that can be managed with oxygen therapy alone.

Question 21

In which region of the brainstem is the respiratory center primarily located?

Accepted Answer

Medulla oblongata

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Thalamus

Answer

Hypothalamus

Question 22

What is the primary physiological response of the respiratory system to increased metabolic demand, such as during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced ventilation and oxygen uptake

Answer

Increased ventilation but decreased oxygen uptake

Answer

Decreased ventilation and oxygen uptake

Answer

Minimal change in ventilation or oxygen uptake

Question 23

What is the primary function of the Hering-Breuer reflex?

Accepted Answer

Prevention of excessive lung inflation

Answer

Control of heart rate

Answer

Initiation of inspiration

Answer

Regulation of airway resistance

Question 24

Which of the following is a recognized classification of respiratory failure?

Accepted Answer

Type II respiratory failure

Answer

Renal failure

Answer

Hepatic failure

Answer

Cardiac failure

Question 25

What is the standard abbreviation for partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood?

Accepted Answer

PaCO2

Answer

PaO2

Answer

PvO2

Answer

SaO2

Question 26

Which of the following conditions is frequently associated with hypoventilation?

Accepted Answer

Opioid overdose

Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Answer

Asthma

Answer

Panic disorder

Question 27

What is the primary role of the diaphragm in respiration?

Accepted Answer

Facilitating inspiration

Answer

Assisting in expiration

Answer

Regulating airway resistance