Respiratory Mechanics: Ventilation, Gas Exchange, and Regulation

Question 1

Which of the following is **not** a primary function of the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Digestion

Answer

Gas exchange

Answer

Regulation of blood pH

Answer

Sound production

Question 2

What is the term for the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion

Answer

Ventilation

Answer

Perfusion

Answer

Respiration

Question 3

Which of the following muscles is responsible for the majority of the work of inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm

Answer

Intercostal muscles

Answer

Abdominal muscles

Answer

Pectoralis major

Question 4

What is the name of the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata that controls the rate and depth of breathing?

Accepted Answer

Ventral respiratory group

Answer

Pontine respiratory group

Answer

Dorsal respiratory group

Answer

Pneumotaxic center

Question 5

What is the term for the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal expiration?

Accepted Answer

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer

Tidal volume

Answer

Residual volume

Answer

Inspiratory reserve volume

Question 6

Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants?

Accepted Answer

Premature birth

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Asthma

Answer

Pneumonia

Question 7

What is the name of the respiratory cycle that consists of inspiration and expiration?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory cycle

Answer

Tidal cycle

Answer

Ventilation cycle

Answer

Gas exchange cycle

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the respiratory system is **not** true?

Accepted Answer

The respiratory system is entirely under involuntary control.

Answer

The lungs are the primary organs of respiration.

Answer

The respiratory system is responsible for maintaining acid-base balance.

Answer

The respiratory system plays a role in immunity.

Question 9

Which muscle is NOT involved in normal inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Rectus abdominis

Answer

Diaphragm

Answer

External intercostals

Answer

Scalenes

Question 10

Which of the following is not a primary function of the respiratory system in humans?

Accepted Answer

Neural control of voluntary movement

Answer

Gas exchange between blood and air

Answer

Regulation of blood pH

Answer

Homeostasis of body temperature

Question 11

Which muscle is primarily responsible for inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm

Answer

Intercostal muscles

Answer

External obliques

Answer

Abdominal muscles

Question 12

What is the primary site for gas exchange in the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Alveoli

Answer

Trachea

Answer

Bronchi

Answer

Bronchioles

Question 13

What is the term for the exchange of gases between the lungs and the atmosphere?

Accepted Answer

Ventilation

Answer

Perfusion

Answer

Diffusion

Answer

Respiration

Question 14

Which of the following describes the relationship between alveolar ventilation and pulmonary capillary blood flow in healthy individuals?

Accepted Answer

They are directly proportional

Answer

They are inversely proportional

Answer

They are independent of each other

Answer

They are regulated by different mechanisms

Question 15

What is the main function of chemoreceptors in regulating breathing?

Accepted Answer

Detect changes in blood gas levels

Answer

Control airway size

Answer

Monitor lung expansion

Answer

Maintain blood acidity

Question 16

Which of the following parameters is NOT directly measured by spirometry?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary diffusing capacity

Answer

FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second)

Answer

Lung volume

Answer

Peak expiratory flow rate

Question 17

Which is the principal muscle responsible for expanding the chest cavity during inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm

Answer

Intercostal muscles

Answer

Abdominal muscles

Answer

Pectoralis major muscle

Question 18

Define the functional residual capacity (FRC).

Accepted Answer

Volume of air retained in the lungs following passive expiration

Answer

Maximum volume of air expelled during forceful expiration

Answer

Sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

Answer

Sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume

Question 19

What is the typical partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood called PaCO2?

Accepted Answer

35–45 mmHg

Answer

70–80 mmHg

Answer

100–110 mmHg

Answer

120–130 mmHg

Question 20

Which surfactant is responsible for reducing surface tension in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

Di-palmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)

Answer

Phosphatidylglycerol (PG)

Answer

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Answer

Peptidoglycan (PGN)

Question 21

What is the primary role of the epiglottis during swallowing?

Accepted Answer

Preventing food from entering the trachea

Answer

Closing off the larynx

Answer

Opening the esophagus

Answer

Regulating the flow of saliva

Question 22

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the rate of diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane?

Accepted Answer

Blood flow rate

Answer

Partial pressure gradient

Answer

Temperature

Answer

Surface area of the membrane

Question 23

What is the primary function of the respiratory center located in the brainstem?

Accepted Answer

To regulate the depth and rate of breathing

Answer

To control the production of surfactant

Answer

To facilitate gas exchange in the lungs

Answer

To prevent the collapse of alveoli

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a component of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Alveolar sacs

Answer

Nasal cavity

Answer

Pharynx

Answer

Trachea

Question 25

What is the role of surfactant in the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

To reduce surface tension in the alveoli and prevent their collapse

Answer

To facilitate diffusion of gases

Answer

To regulate the rate of breathing

Answer

To protect the lungs from infection

Question 26

Which of the following is the primary muscle involved in inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm

Answer

External intercostal muscles

Answer

Internal intercostal muscles

Answer

Abdominal muscles

Question 27

What is the significance of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in regulating breathing?

Accepted Answer

It directly stimulates the respiratory center in the brainstem

Answer

It is the primary factor in maintaining acid-base balance

Answer

It triggers the Hering-Breuer reflex

Answer

It is responsible for the increased respiratory rate during exercise

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Nutrient absorption

Answer

Gas exchange

Answer

Regulation of pH

Answer

Voice production

Question 29

What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) and what does it indicate?

Accepted Answer

The ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed, indicating the type of fuel being metabolized

Answer

The ratio of O2 consumed to CO2 produced, indicating the efficiency of respiration

Answer

The ratio of H+ ions produced to CO2 removed, indicating the acid-base status

Answer

The ratio of ventilation to perfusion, indicating the adequacy of gas exchange

Question 30

Which muscle is the primary muscle of inhalation?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm

Answer

Intercostals

Answer

Rectus abdominis

Answer

Sternocleidomastoid

Question 31

What is the average respiratory rate for a healthy adult at rest?

Accepted Answer

12-16 breaths per minute

Answer

6-8 breaths per minute

Answer

20-24 breaths per minute

Answer

24-28 breaths per minute

Question 32

Which substance is transported by hemoglobin in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen

Answer

Carbon dioxide

Answer

Helium

Answer

Nitrogen

Question 33

What is the primary function of the respiratory center in the brainstem?

Accepted Answer

To regulate the depth and rate of breathing

Answer

To initiate the breathing reflex

Answer

To warm and moisten inhaled air

Answer

To produce mucus

Question 34

Which of the following factors can increase the respiratory rate?

Accepted Answer

Exercise

Answer

Sleep

Answer

Cold temperatures

Answer

Sedatives

Question 35

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Gas exchange

Answer

Humidification of inhaled air

Answer

Ventilation

Answer

Olfaction

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of a restrictive lung disease?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary fibrosis

Answer

Pneumonia

Answer

Chronic bronchitis

Answer

Asthma

Question 37

What is the primary role of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

To reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse

Answer

To protect the lungs from infection

Answer

To enhance gas exchange

Question 38

Which technique is typically used to measure lung volume?

Accepted Answer

Spirometry

Answer

Electrocardiography

Answer

Polysomnography

Answer

Echocardiography

Question 39

What is the significance of measuring the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood?

Accepted Answer

It indicates the oxygenation status of the body

Answer

It measures the amount of hemoglobin in the blood

Answer

It is a marker of acid-base balance

Answer

It is used to diagnose respiratory failure

Question 40

During normal, quiet breathing, which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm

Answer

Abdominal muscles

Answer

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Answer

Intercostal muscles

Question 41

What is the primary function of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

To reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse

Answer

To prevent infection

Answer

To regulate airway tone

Answer

To facilitate gas exchange directly

Question 42

Which of the following is a known risk factor for the development of respiratory distress syndrome in neonates?

Accepted Answer

Premature birth

Answer

Exposure to air pollution

Answer

Maternal smoking during pregnancy

Answer

Advanced maternal age

Question 43

What is the term for the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood?

Accepted Answer

PaO2

Answer

PvO2

Answer

SaO2

Answer

PaCO2

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Filtration of blood

Answer

Regulation of pH

Answer

Gas exchange

Answer

Sound production

Question 45

What is the name of the respiratory center located in the brainstem that controls the rate and depth of breathing?

Accepted Answer

Medulla oblongata

Answer

Hypothalamus

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Pons

Question 46

Which of the following is a common risk factor for developing obstructive sleep apnea?

Accepted Answer

Obesity

Answer

High blood pressure

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Asthma

Question 47

What is the name of the test used to measure lung function and assess for airflow limitation?

Accepted Answer

Spirometry

Answer

Radiography

Answer

Pulmonary function test

Answer

Bronchoscopy