Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: Unraveling the Genetic Information Flow

Question 1

During transcription, genetic information flows from:

Accepted Answer

DNA to RNA

Answer

RNA to DNA

Answer

Protein to RNA

Answer

RNA to protein

Question 2

Which type of RNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Answer

rRNA

Answer

tRNA

Answer

snRNA

Question 3

What is the primary function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Transferring amino acids to the ribosome

Answer

Removing introns from pre-mRNA

Answer

Catalyzing peptide bond formation

Answer

Storing genetic information

Question 4

Which type of mutation involves the deletion of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

Deletion

Answer

Insertion

Answer

Substitution

Answer

Inversion

Question 5

Which technique is commonly used to amplify specific DNA sequences?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

DNA sequencing

Answer

Southern blotting

Question 6

Which of the following are examples of post-translational modifications of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Glycosylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation

Answer

Amino acid types

Answer

Protein folding mechanisms

Answer

Protein degradation pathways

Question 7

The sequence of events in the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology is:

Accepted Answer

Replication, Transcription, Translation

Answer

Transcription, Translation, Replication

Answer

Translation, Replication, Transcription

Answer

Replication, Translation, Transcription

Question 8

The genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotides, known as:

Accepted Answer

Codons

Answer

Exons

Answer

Introns

Answer

Anticodons

Question 9

Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during DNA synthesis?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Answer

Helicase

Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Primase

Question 10

What is the complementary strand to the following DNA sequence: ATCGCAT?

Accepted Answer

TAGCGTA

Answer

ATCGCAT

Answer

UAGCGTA

Answer

GCATCGT

Question 11

Which type of RNA carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Answer

tRNA

Answer

rRNA

Answer

snRNA

Question 12

What is the process by which the ribosome moves along the mRNA, adding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

Elongation

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation

Answer

Initiation

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism involved in regulating gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Codon usage frequency

Answer

Promoter sequences

Answer

Transcription factors

Answer

DNA methylation

Question 14

What is the key difference between a promoter and an enhancer in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Promoters are located near the transcription start site, while enhancers can be located far away.

Answer

Enhancers are located near the transcription start site, while promoters can be located far away.

Answer

Promoters enhance gene expression, while enhancers repress gene expression.

Answer

Enhancers enhance gene expression, while promoters repress gene expression.

Question 15

Which technique is used to study the expression levels of multiple genes simultaneously?

Accepted Answer

Microarrays

Answer

Polymerase chain reaction

Answer

DNA sequencing

Answer

Restriction enzyme analysis

Question 16

What is the primary role of post-translational modifications?

Accepted Answer

To alter the activity, stability, and localization of proteins.

Answer

To only alter the activity of proteins.

Answer

To only alter the stability of proteins.

Answer

They have no significant role in protein function.

Question 17

Which component is NOT found in a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid

Answer

Phosphate group

Answer

Nitrogenous base

Answer

Sugar molecule

Question 18

What is the process called when RNA is synthesized from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation

Answer

Replication

Answer

Mutation

Question 19

Which type of RNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Answer

tRNA

Answer

rRNA

Answer

snRNA

Question 20

What are the basic units of the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

Codons

Answer

Anticodons

Answer

Introns

Answer

Exons

Question 21

Which enzyme is responsible for forming peptide bonds during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Peptidyl transferase

Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

DNA polymerase

Answer

Ligase

Question 22

Which region of DNA is non-coding?

Accepted Answer

Intron

Answer

Promoter

Answer

Exon

Answer

Terminator

Question 23

Which enzyme unwinds and separates the DNA double helix during replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

Polymerase

Answer

Primase

Answer

Ligase

Question 24

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

Translate mRNA into proteins

Answer

Transcribe DNA into RNA

Answer

Replicate DNA

Answer

Modify proteins

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a stage in transcription?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Answer

Initiation

Answer

Elongation

Answer

Termination

Question 26

What is the primary function of RNA polymerase in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

To synthesize mRNA molecules

Answer

To bind to the promoter region of DNA

Answer

To separate the DNA strands

Answer

To translate mRNA into proteins

Question 27

Which codon initiates protein synthesis and codes for the amino acid methionine?

Accepted Answer

AUG

Answer

UAG

Answer

UGA

Answer

UAA

Question 28

Which cellular component is responsible for catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Answer

Nucleus

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 29

Which cutting-edge technique has revolutionized our understanding of gene regulation by allowing precise DNA manipulation?

Accepted Answer

CRISPR-Cas9

Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer

Southern blotting

Question 30

Which process involves copying the genetic information from DNA to mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Answer

Replication

Answer

Translation

Answer

Mutation

Question 31

The ribosome's primary function in protein synthesis is to:

Accepted Answer

Bind mRNA and tRNA together

Answer

Form peptide bonds between amino acids

Answer

Proofread the amino acid sequence for errors

Answer

Release the newly synthesized protein chain

Question 32

A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon in a gene is known as a:

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Answer

Frameshift mutation

Answer

Missense mutation

Answer

Silent mutation

Question 33

Which technique separates DNA fragments based on size?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer

DNA sequencing

Answer

DNA microarrays

Question 34

Which non-coding RNA molecule regulates gene expression?

Accepted Answer

MicroRNA

Answer

Transfer RNA

Answer

Ribosomal RNA

Answer

Messenger RNA

Question 35

The process of removing non-coding sequences (introns) from the primary mRNA transcript is called:

Accepted Answer

Splicing

Answer

Translation

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Reverse transcription

Question 36

Which of the following correctly describes the flow of genetic information in the central dogma?

Accepted Answer

DNA → RNA → Protein

Answer

RNA → DNA → Protein

Answer

RNA → Protein → DNA

Answer

Protein → RNA → DNA

Question 37

During transcription, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the new RNA strand using a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Helicase

Answer

Primase

Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 38

In protein synthesis, what is the primary function of tRNA?

Accepted Answer

To transport specific amino acids to the ribosome

Answer

To proofread the mRNA sequence

Answer

To initiate translation

Answer

To stabilize the ribosome complex

Question 39

Which of the following nucleotide sequences represents a valid mRNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

AUGCUCAGGUA

Answer

TUAUCUCAGGUA

Answer

ATGCUCAGGUA

Answer

TACGTGACCTT

Question 40

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

To assemble proteins based on the genetic instructions provided by mRNA

Answer

To synthesize new DNA molecules

Answer

To package and transport mRNA

Question 41

Which factors are known to influence the regulation of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Environmental cues, genetic factors, and epigenetic modifications

Answer

Genetic factors alone

Answer

Temperature and pH exclusively