Cell Injury and Adaptation: Mechanisms, Types, and Consequences

Question 1

Which of the following is a characteristic of irreversible cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Mitochondrial swelling

Answer

Formation of apoptotic bodies

Answer

Hyperplasia

Question 2

Which of the following is a type of adaptation that results in an increase in cell number?

Accepted Answer

Hyperplasia

Answer

Atrophy

Answer

Hypertrophy

Answer

Metaplasia

Question 3

Which of the following is not characteristic of apoptosis, a programmed form of cell death?

Accepted Answer

Rupture of lysosomes

Answer

Shrinkage of cells

Answer

Fragmentation of nucleus

Answer

Formation of apoptotic bodies

Question 4

Which term describes irreversible damage to cells, leading to their death?

Accepted Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Adaptation

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Hypertrophy

Question 5

Which adaptive response enables cells to increase their size in response to increased workload?

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophy

Answer

Atrophy

Answer

Hyperplasia

Answer

Metaplasia

Question 6

Which cellular organelle is primarily responsible for protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Lysosomes

Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 7

What process involves the removal of damaged cells from the body?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Answer

Cytolysis

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Necrosis

Question 8

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing osteoporosis, a condition characterized by decreased bone density?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D deficiency

Answer

Osteomalacia

Answer

Osteomyelitis

Answer

Paget's disease of bone

Question 9

Which type of bone cell is responsible for breaking down bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts

Answer

Osteoblasts

Answer

Osteocytes

Answer

Osteoprogenitor cells

Question 10

Which type of bone fracture occurs when the break runs across the width of the bone?

Accepted Answer

Transverse fracture

Answer

Greenstick fracture

Answer

Oblique fracture

Answer

Spiral fracture

Question 11

Which type of cell injury is reversible and characterized by hydropic swelling of organelles and loss of function?

Accepted Answer

Hydropic degeneration

Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Fatty change

Question 12

Distinguish between ischemic and hypoxic cell injury:

Accepted Answer

Hypoxia involves oxygen deprivation, while ischemia involves both oxygen and nutrient deprivation.

Answer

Ischemia involves oxygen deprivation, while hypoxia involves nutrient deprivation.

Answer

Ischemic injury is more severe than hypoxic injury.

Answer

There is no difference between ischemic and hypoxic cell injury.

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct consequence of irreversible cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Leaky cell membranes

Answer

Membrane repair

Answer

Mitochondrial swelling

Answer

Apoptosis

Question 14

Which type of cell adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size?

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophy

Answer

Hyperplasia

Answer

Metaplasia

Answer

Dysplasia

Question 15

Differentiate between hypertrophy and hyperplasia:

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size, while hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number.

Answer

Hyperplasia involves an increase in cell size, while hypertrophy involves an increase in cell number.

Answer

Both hypertrophy and hyperplasia involve an increase in both cell size and number.

Answer

There is no difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a type of cell adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Hypertrophy

Answer

Hyperplasia

Answer

Atrophy

Question 17

What is the primary mechanism of irreversible cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial dysfunction

Answer

Plasma membrane damage

Answer

Nuclear damage

Answer

Cytoskeletal damage

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Cell shrinkage and nuclear fragmentation

Answer

Inflammation and lysosomal rupture

Answer

Plasma membrane damage and organelle swelling

Answer

Cytoskeletal disruption and DNA fragmentation

Question 19

What is the primary function of caspases in cell death?

Accepted Answer

Executing apoptosis

Answer

Initiating apoptosis

Answer

Inhibiting apoptosis

Answer

Repairing damaged cells

Question 20

Which of the following cell adaptations involves an increase in cell number?

Accepted Answer

Hyperplasia

Answer

Hypertrophy

Answer

Atrophy

Answer

Metaplasia

Question 21

What is the primary function of autophagy?

Accepted Answer

To remove damaged organelles and misfolded proteins

Answer

To synthesize new proteins

Answer

To transport materials across the cell membrane

Answer

To produce energy

Question 22

What is the characteristic morphological feature of necrotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Cell swelling and plasma membrane rupture

Answer

Nuclear pyknosis and chromatin condensation

Answer

Organelle fragmentation and mitochondrial damage

Answer

Cytoskeletal disruption and DNA fragmentation

Question 23

Which of the following is the primary cause of reversible cell injury in the context of ischemia or oxygen deprivation?

Accepted Answer

ATP depletion

Answer

DNA damage

Answer

Mitochondrial dysfunction

Answer

Loss of membrane integrity

Question 24

Apoptosis is characterized by which of the following features?

Accepted Answer

Cell shrinkage and fragmentation

Answer

Mitochondrial swelling and rupture

Answer

Plasma membrane damage

Answer

Lysosomal rupture

Question 25

Which type of cell injury involves the loss of cell membrane integrity, leading to the release of cellular contents into the extracellular environment?

Accepted Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Autophagy

Answer

Hydropic degeneration

Question 26

Which of the following cellular adaptations allows cells to tolerate stress and maintain homeostasis in response to increased workload or demand?

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophy

Answer

Hyperplasia

Answer

Metaplasia

Answer

Dysplasia

Question 27

Which of the following is a sign of irreversible cell injury, indicating that the cell has reached a point of no return and will inevitably undergo necrosis?

Accepted Answer

ядерная пикноза (nuclear pyknosis)

Answer

Membrane blebbing

Answer

Mitochondrial swelling

Answer

Cellular swelling

Question 28

Which of the following organelles plays a central role in regulating cell death pathways, particularly through the release of pro-apoptotic factors?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Golgi apparatus

Answer

Lysosomes

Question 29

Which of the following is a type of cellular adaptation that involves a change in cell shape and function, often in response to altered environmental conditions?

Accepted Answer

Metaplasia

Answer

Atrophy

Answer

Hypertrophy

Answer

Dysplasia

Question 30

Which of the following consequences may result from prolonged or severe cell injury if the cell is unable to recover and repair itself?

Accepted Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Regeneration

Answer

Hyperplasia

Question 31

Which of the following repair mechanisms involves the complete replacement of damaged tissue with new, functional tissue, restoring the tissue's original structure and function?

Accepted Answer

Regeneration

Answer

Wound healing

Answer

Fibrosis

Answer

Scar formation

Question 32

Which of the following options is not a recognized type of cell adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Dysplasia

Answer

Hypertrophy

Answer

Atrophy

Answer

Metaplasia

Question 33

Which of the following characteristics is a defining feature of apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Nuclear fragmentation

Answer

Mitochondrial swelling

Answer

Cell lysis

Answer

Lysosomal rupture

Question 34

Which of the following outcomes is a direct consequence of irreversible cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Repair

Answer

Regeneration

Answer

Hyperplasia

Question 35

Which of the following is not considered a mechanism of cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Hormonal imbalance

Answer

Oxidative stress

Answer

Mechanical trauma

Answer

Autoimmunity

Question 36

Which of the following options accurately describes a characteristic feature of metaplasia?

Accepted Answer

Replacement of normal tissue with more resilient tissue

Answer

Complete loss of cell function

Answer

Enlargement of cell nuclei

Answer

Accumulation of lipids in cytoplasm

Question 37

How does apoptosis contribute to tissue health and disease?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis removes damaged cells, maintaining tissue balance.

Answer

Apoptosis causes inflammation and tissue damage.

Answer

Apoptosis promotes cell growth and repair.

Answer

Apoptosis always prevents disease.

Question 38

Which of the following is a reversible form of cell injury characterized by swelling and loss of function?

Accepted Answer

Hydropic degeneration

Answer

Fatty change

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Necrosis

Question 39

Which of the following mechanisms is involved in the execution phase of apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Caspase activation

Answer

Formation of reactive oxygen species

Answer

Accumulation of unfolded proteins

Answer

Mitochondrial permeability transition

Question 40

Which of the following adaptations allows cells to tolerate hypoxic conditions by switching to anaerobic metabolism and reducing energy demand?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic arrest

Answer

Metaplasia

Answer

Hypoplasia

Answer

Hyperplasia

Question 41

Which of the following morphological changes is associated with hydropic degeneration?

Accepted Answer

Cellular swelling

Answer

Plasma membrane blebbing

Answer

Chromatin margination

Answer

Nuclear karyolysis

Question 42

In which type of necrosis does the tissue become soft and liquefies, forming a cavity filled with debris and inflammatory cells?

Accepted Answer

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer

Coagulative necrosis

Answer

Caseous necrosis

Answer

Fat necrosis

Question 43

Which of the following is a repair mechanism involving the formation of granulation tissue and subsequent replacement with new tissue?

Accepted Answer

Regeneration

Answer

Metaplasia

Answer

Hyperplasia

Answer

Fibrosis

Question 44

Which of the following adaptations results in an increase in cell size and increased functional capacity?

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophy

Answer

Atrophy

Answer

Hyperplasia