Ethics in Criminal Justice: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives

Question 1

Which ethical theory places emphasis on the consequences of actions and aims to maximize happiness or well-being?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Virtue ethics

Question 2

Who is credited as the father of virtue ethics?

Accepted Answer

Aristotle

Answer

Kant

Answer

Mill

Question 3

How does virtue ethics stand out from utilitarianism and deontology?

Accepted Answer

It centers on developing a virtuous character rather than actions or outcomes

Answer

It gives importance to emotional factors in ethical decision-making

Answer

It is more subjective and relative

Question 4

According to utilitarianism, what principle should guide ethical decision-making?

Accepted Answer

Maximizing overall happiness

Answer

Following universal moral rules

Answer

Cultivating personal virtues

Question 5

Which ethical theory focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions, regardless of their consequences?

Accepted Answer

Deontological ethics

Answer

Consequentialist ethics

Answer

Virtue ethics

Question 6

In virtue ethics, what is considered the most important aspect of ethical living?

Accepted Answer

Developing and embodying moral virtues

Answer

Achieving pleasure and avoiding pain

Answer

Following societal norms

Question 7

Who is widely regarded as the father of modern moral philosophy and the developer of the Categorical Imperative?

Accepted Answer

Immanuel Kant

Answer

Aristotle

Answer

John Locke

Answer

René Descartes

Question 8

Which ethical dilemma refers to a situation where an individual faces competing moral obligations to different parties?

Accepted Answer

Conflict of interest

Answer

Moral conundrum

Answer

Ethical lapse

Answer

Duty to obey

Question 9

What is considered the primary goal of criminal justice ethics?

Accepted Answer

To ensure justice and fairness

Answer

To punish offenders

Answer

To protect society

Answer

To rehabilitate criminals

Question 10

According to virtue ethics, what is the ultimate purpose of ethical actions?

Accepted Answer

Moral development

Answer

Personal happiness

Answer

Social harmony

Answer

Wealth accumulation

Question 11

Which ethical principle requires law enforcement officers to prioritize the protection of the innocent over the apprehension of criminals?

Accepted Answer

Duty to protect

Answer

Principle of necessity

Answer

Principle of proportionality

Answer

Principle of non-maleficence

Question 12

Which ethical theory emphasizes the consequences of an action as the primary criterion for determining the rightness or wrongness of the action?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Social contract theory

Question 13

According to deontology, the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by:

Accepted Answer

Its conformity to moral rules

Answer

Its consequences

Answer

The intentions of the actor

Answer

The character of the actor

Question 14

Virtue ethics emphasizes the importance of:

Accepted Answer

Character traits

Answer

Moral rules

Answer

Consequences of actions

Answer

Intentions of actors

Question 15

Who is widely recognized as the father of utilitarianism?

Accepted Answer

Jeremy Bentham

Answer

John Stuart Mill

Answer

Immanuel Kant

Answer

Aristotle

Question 16

Which of the following is the professional code of ethics for law enforcement officers?

Accepted Answer

Code of Ethics for Law Enforcement Officers

Answer

Code of Ethics for Judges

Answer

Code of Ethics for Prosecutors

Answer

Code of Ethics for Correctional Officers

Question 17

Which ethical theory emphasizes maximizing overall happiness for the majority?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Virtue Ethics

Question 18

According to deontological ethics, the right or wrong nature of an action is determined by:

Accepted Answer

Its adherence to universal moral principles

Answer

Its consequences

Answer

Its alignment with personal values

Question 19

Virtue ethics focuses on developing:

Accepted Answer

Moral character traits

Answer

Calculating the greatest good

Answer

Following strict rules

Question 20

Which historical philosopher is most associated with the development of utilitarianism?

Accepted Answer

Jeremy Bentham

Answer

Plato

Answer

Aristotle

Question 21

In the context of criminal justice ethics, what does 'discretion' refer to?

Accepted Answer

Making decisions based on personal judgment

Answer

Following strict laws

Answer

Prioritizing public safety

Question 22

Which ethical principle is the foundation of the "exclusionary rule"?

Accepted Answer

Due process

Answer

Equal protection

Answer

Impartiality

Question 23

According to utilitarianism, the best action is the one that produces:

Accepted Answer

The most good for the greatest number of people

Answer

The most duty-based outcome

Answer

The most virtuous outcome

Answer

The least harm

Question 24

Which ethical theory places primary emphasis on following rules and laws, regardless of the consequences?

Accepted Answer

Deontology

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Situational ethics

Question 25

The Golden Rule, which states 'Do unto others as you would have them do unto you', is most closely associated with which ethical theory?

Accepted Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Situational ethics

Question 26

What is the primary purpose of ethical guidelines for law enforcement officers?

Accepted Answer

To promote professionalism and foster public trust

Answer

To ensure compliance with legal requirements

Answer

To avoid personal and departmental liability

Answer

To minimize the use of force

Question 27

Which ethical theory places great emphasis on achieving the most good or happiness for the largest number of people?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Virtue ethics

Question 28

According to deontology, which of the following principles is crucial in making ethical decisions?

Accepted Answer

Adhering to universal moral rules

Answer

The consequences of one's actions

Answer

The intentions of the individual

Question 29

Which ethical theory emphasizes the cultivation of virtuous character traits and ethical conduct?

Accepted Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Deontology

Question 30

In the criminal justice context, which ethical principle requires fair and impartial treatment of all individuals?

Accepted Answer

Justice

Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Question 31

Who is recognized as one of the foundational figures in the development of modern ethical theory?

Accepted Answer

Immanuel Kant

Answer

Niccolò Machiavelli

Answer

John Stuart Mill

Question 32

Which ethical principle prioritizes respecting individuals' decision-making authority and self-determination?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Confidentiality

Answer

Justice

Question 33

In evaluating the outcomes of one's actions within a utilitarian ethical framework, what time frame is considered?

Accepted Answer

Both short-term and long-term consequences

Answer

Only short-term consequences

Answer

Neither short-term nor long-term consequences

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a potential challenge faced when applying ethical theories to real-world situations?

Accepted Answer

The existence of clear and universally accepted ethical guidelines

Answer

Conflicting ethical principles

Answer

Cultural and situational factors

Question 35

According to deontological ethics, an action is right if it:

Accepted Answer

Conforms to moral rules or duties

Answer

Produces the most happiness

Answer

Is in line with one's personal beliefs

Question 36

The concept of the 'social contract' in ethics refers to:

Accepted Answer

An agreement among individuals to live in a society and accept certain responsibilities

Answer

A set of moral principles that are universally applicable

Answer

The idea that individuals should maximize their own self-interest without regard for others

Question 37

Which ethical principle requires individuals to treat others with respect and dignity?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Question 38

The role of ethics in criminal justice is to:

Accepted Answer

Provide guidance for making decisions in accordance with moral principles

Answer

Justify the use of force and coercion by law enforcement without ethical constraints

Answer

Establish the boundaries of acceptable conduct for criminal justice professionals based solely on personal preferences

Question 39

The concept of 'double effect' in ethics pertains to:

Accepted Answer

Intentional actions that have both a good and bad result

Answer

Unintended consequences of an action

Answer

The principle of avoiding harm at all costs

Question 40

Which ethical theory emphasizes the importance of following universal moral rules that apply to all rational beings?

Accepted Answer

Kantian ethics

Answer

Aristotelian ethics

Answer

Ethical relativism

Question 41

Ethical decision-making in criminal justice should prioritize:

Accepted Answer

The protection of individual rights and freedoms, as well as the pursuit of justice

Answer

The pursuit of organizational goals without regard for ethical implications

Answer

The achievement of personal gain at the expense of others

Question 42

Which ethical theory emphasizes the maximization of overall well-being by focusing on the consequences of actions?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Absolutism

Question 43

According to deontology, which of the following is the primary consideration when making ethical decisions?

Accepted Answer

Duty and obligation

Answer

Personal preferences

Answer

Societal expectations

Answer

Consequences for the greatest number

Question 44

Which ethical theory focuses on cultivating personal virtues and aligning actions with deeply held values?

Accepted Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Absolutism

Answer

Relativism

Question 45

Which ancient Greek philosopher is renowned for establishing a system of ethics based on reason and the concept of eudaimonia?

Accepted Answer

Aristotle

Answer

Plato

Answer

Kant

Answer

Socrates

Question 46

Which of the following is a fundamental concept in the ethical teachings of Confucius?

Accepted Answer

Ren (benevolence)

Answer

Karma (cause and effect)

Answer

Dharma (righteous duty)

Answer

Agape (unconditional love)

Question 47

How did the Enlightenment influence the development of ethical thinking?

Accepted Answer

Promoted the use of reason and emphasized individual rights

Answer

Reinforced reliance on tradition and authority

Answer

Diminished the importance of ethical reflection

Question 48

How can ethical principles guide law enforcement officers in making decisions regarding the use of force?

Accepted Answer

By balancing the need to protect society with the duty to respect human life

Answer

By considering only their own judgment

Answer

By strictly adhering to departmental policies

Question 49

How can criminal justice agencies foster ethical conduct among their members?

Accepted Answer

Establishing clear ethical standards and holding employees accountable

Answer

Ignoring unethical behavior to maintain harmony

Answer

Relying solely on individual conscience

Question 50

When evaluating a situation from a utilitarian perspective, what should be prioritized?

Accepted Answer

Maximizing the overall well-being of all individuals involved

Answer

Strictly adhering to formal rules and procedures

Answer

Defending the rights of all parties involved

Question 51

Which ethical theory maintains that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined solely by its inherent characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Deontology

Answer

Ethical egoism

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Virtue ethics

Question 52

A defense attorney believes that everyone is entitled to a fair trial, even if they know their client is guilty. Which ethical theory aligns with this belief?

Accepted Answer

Deontology

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Ethical egoism

Answer

Utilitarianism

Question 53

Virtue ethics primarily focuses on developing which aspect of an individual?

Accepted Answer

Moral character

Answer

Physical fitness

Answer

Emotional intelligence

Answer

Cognitive abilities

Question 54

Which ethical theory would advocate that a judge should prioritize maximizing happiness for the majority when sentencing a criminal?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Ethical egoism

Question 55

A correctional officer consistently treats all inmates with respect and dignity, regardless of their behavior. What ethical approach is the officer demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Utilitarianism

Question 56

The ethical belief that prioritizes one's own self-interest above all else is known as:

Accepted Answer

Ethical egoism

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Deontology

Question 57

Immanuel Kant's influential ethical concept that emphasizes acting according to universal moral principles is known as:

Accepted Answer

Categorical imperative

Answer

Virtue theory

Answer

Utilitarian principle

Answer

Golden rule

Question 58

Which ethical theory emphasizes the fair and just distribution of benefits and burdens in society?

Accepted Answer

Distributive justice

Answer

Ethical egoism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Virtue ethics