Applied Anatomy and Physiology for Physical Activity: Master the Human Body

Question 1

Trace the neural pathway for a voluntary movement, starting from the primary motor cortex and ending at the skeletal muscles.

Accepted Answer

Primary motor cortex -> Internal capsule -> Ventral horn of spinal cord -> Alpha motor neuron -> Skeletal muscle

Answer

Primary motor cortex -> Cerebellum -> Basal ganglia -> Ventral horn of spinal cord -> Alpha motor neuron -> Skeletal muscle

Answer

Hypothalamus -> Brainstem -> Spinal cord -> Alpha motor neuron -> Skeletal muscle

Answer

Primary somatosensory cortex -> Thalamus -> Supplementary motor area -> Ventral horn of spinal cord -> Alpha motor neuron -> Skeletal muscle

Question 2

How does the respiratory system help regulate body temperature during physical exercise?

Accepted Answer

By increasing breathing rate and depth, promoting evaporative cooling through water evaporation from the respiratory tract.

Answer

By producing sweat that evaporates and cools the body.

Answer

By storing heat in the lungs, preventing it from reaching the rest of the body.

Answer

By not playing any role in regulating body temperature.

Question 3

How do insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels during physical activity, specifically endurance and resistance training?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon promotes glycogen breakdown during endurance training, while insulin stimulates protein synthesis during resistance training.

Answer

Insulin increases blood glucose during exercise, while glucagon decreases blood glucose at rest.

Answer

Insulin and glucagon do not regulate blood glucose levels during physical activity.

Question 4

In healthy adult bone tissue, which cell type is responsible for creating and mineralizing new bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts

Answer

Osteocytes

Answer

Osteoclasts

Answer

Chondroblasts

Question 5

How does nutrition contribute to both physical performance and recovery?

Accepted Answer

A balanced diet with macronutrients, micronutrients, and hydration supports both performance and recovery.

Answer

Macronutrients provide energy during exercise, while micronutrients have minimal impact on performance.

Answer

Hydration is crucial for performance but less important for recovery.

Answer

Nutrition has no role in recovery after physical activity.

Question 6

How does physical activity affect the lymphatic system's role in waste removal and fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

Enhances lymphatic flow, aiding waste removal and preventing fluid buildup.

Answer

Reduces lymphatic flow, hindering waste removal and causing fluid retention.

Answer

Has little impact on the lymphatic system's waste removal and fluid balance functions.

Question 7

How does exercise, diet, and other factors affect energy balance? Explain its importance for maintaining a healthy weight and supporting physical performance.

Accepted Answer

Exercise increases energy use, while a balanced diet provides the energy needed. This combination can positively influence energy balance, supporting weight management and physical performance.

Answer

Energy balance is only affected by exercise, not by diet or other factors.

Answer

To gain weight, energy intake must always be higher than energy use, regardless of exercise level.

Answer

Factors like genetics and stress do not affect energy balance.

Question 8

How do the structural and functional properties of skeletal muscle adapt to different training types, like endurance and strength exercises?

Accepted Answer

Strength training promotes muscle fiber growth and strength, while endurance training enhances muscle endurance.

Answer

Endurance training increases muscle fiber size, while strength training increases muscle fiber number.

Answer

Endurance training increases muscle fiber number, while strength training promotes muscle fiber growth and strength.

Answer

Strength training enhances muscle endurance, while endurance training leads to increased muscle fiber size.

Question 9

What is oxygen debt and how does it impact recovery after intense exercise?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen debt is the additional oxygen required post-exercise to restore depleted muscle oxygen stores.

Answer

Oxygen debt solely refers to the elevated oxygen consumption during exercise.

Answer

Only individuals with poor aerobic fitness experience oxygen debt.

Question 10

During strenuous physical activity, what is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Removing waste products, such as lactic acid, produced by muscle metabolism

Answer

Regulating body temperature by transporting heat away from active muscles

Answer

Transporting oxygen and nutrients to muscles for energy

Answer

Producing red blood cells that carry oxygen to muscles

Question 11

Explain the process of bone remodeling and describe its role in maintaining bone health.

Accepted Answer

Bone remodeling is the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue, contributing to bone repair, strength, and calcium regulation.

Accepted Answer

Bone remodeling involves the breakdown of old bone by osteoclasts and the formation of new bone by osteoblasts.

Answer

Bone remodeling is limited to childhood and adolescence for skeletal growth and development.

Answer

Bone remodeling is unaffected by factors like diet, exercise, or hormones.

Question 12

How does the endocrine system contribute to regulating metabolism and energy use during physical activity?

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system releases hormones like adrenaline and growth hormone, which boost metabolism and energy expenditure during exercise.

Answer

The endocrine system has no impact on metabolism or energy expenditure during exercise.

Answer

The endocrine system's role in regulating metabolism and energy expenditure is only significant during high-intensity exercise.

Question 13

Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of the reticular activating system (RAS) in regulating sleep and wakefulness?

Accepted Answer

Filtering sensory information and alerting the brain to significant stimuli during wakefulness

Answer

Initiating and maintaining sleep

Answer

Relaying sensory information directly to the cerebral cortex

Answer

Producing the electrical activity associated with sleep spindles

Question 14

Which of the following describes the main neural adaptations that occur in the spinal cord and brain as a result of motor training?

Accepted Answer

Increased synaptic strength and efficiency, leading to improved coordination and precision of movement.

Answer

Growth of new neurons, expanding the motor neuron pool and increasing muscle strength.

Answer

Weakening of synaptic connections, leading to reduced coordination and precision of movement.

Answer

Neural adaptations have no relevance to learning and improving movement patterns.

Question 15

How does myoglobin contribute to meeting the increased oxygen demand in skeletal muscles during physical exercise?

Accepted Answer

Stores oxygen within muscle fibers, acting as a reservoir for use during high-intensity exercise.

Answer

Binds to oxygen in the bloodstream, preventing it from being used by other tissues.

Answer

Aids in transporting oxygen from the lungs to the muscles.

Answer

Improves blood flow to muscles, enhancing oxygen delivery.

Question 16

Which type of muscle contraction involves the shortening of muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Concentric

Answer

Eccentric

Answer

Isometric

Answer

Auxotonic

Question 17

What is the key function of the heart's atrioventricular valves?

Accepted Answer

Prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria

Answer

Allow blood to flow from atria to ventricles

Answer

Regulate blood pressure

Answer

Control heart rate

Question 18

Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange between blood and air?

Accepted Answer

Lungs

Answer

Bronchi

Answer

Trachea

Answer

Nose

Question 19

What is the primary function of the cerebrum in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Responsible for higher-level cognitive functions such as thinking, language, and memory

Answer

Coordinate body movements and balance

Answer

Process and interpret sensory information

Answer

Maintain internal body balance (homeostasis)

Question 20

Which hormone is primarily responsible for managing blood sugar levels in the body?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Cortisol

Question 21

Which type of synovial joint allows for the widest range of movements, including rotation and circumduction?

Accepted Answer

Ball-and-socket joint

Answer

Hinge joint

Answer

Pivot joint

Answer

Saddle joint

Question 22

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to initiate muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 23

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for conscious, voluntary movements?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle

Answer

Cardiac muscle

Answer

Smooth muscle

Question 24

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

To transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products

Answer

To regulate body temperature

Answer

To produce hormones

Answer

To protect the body from infection

Question 25

Which function is NOT associated with the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Digestion of food

Answer

Gas exchange

Answer

Regulation of blood pH

Answer

Production of sound

Question 26

Which macronutrient serves as the primary energy source for most physical activities?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates

Answer

Fats

Answer

Proteins

Question 27

According to current health guidelines, what is the recommended minimum amount of moderate-intensity physical activity for adults per week?

Accepted Answer

150 minutes

Answer

75 minutes

Answer

225 minutes

Answer

300 minutes

Question 28

Which principle of training involves gradually increasing the intensity or duration of exercise over time?

Accepted Answer

Progression

Answer

Overload

Answer

Specificity

Answer

Reversibility

Question 29

What is the most precise method for directly measuring an individual's maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max)?

Accepted Answer

Direct measurement during a maximal exercise test on a treadmill or cycle ergometer

Answer

Submaximal exercise testing with predictive equations

Answer

Measuring heart rate recovery after a standard exercise session

Question 30

Identify the key structural and functional differences between tendons and ligaments.

Accepted Answer

Tendons: Connect muscles to bones, transmitting force; Ligaments: Connect bones to bones, providing stability.

Answer

Ligaments: Connect muscles to bones, transmitting force; Tendons: Connect bones to bones, providing stability.

Answer

Tendons and ligaments both connect bones to bones.

Answer

Tendons and ligaments both connect muscles to muscles.

Question 31

How does regular physical activity typically impact the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced diaphragm strength

Answer

Reduced lung capacity

Answer

Decreased number of alveoli

Answer

Lowered heart rate

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Regulating body temperature

Answer

Providing support and protection for organs

Answer

Storing minerals and producing blood cells

Answer

Facilitating movement through muscle attachment

Question 33

What is the primary role of the respiratory system in the body?

Accepted Answer

Exchanging gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment

Answer

Regulating blood pressure and maintaining electrolyte balance

Answer

Providing structural support and protecting vital organs

Answer

Synthesizing hormones and regulating metabolism

Question 34

Which of the following is a chemical that transmits signals between neurons?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Testosterone

Answer

Hemoglobin

Question 35

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system in the body?

Accepted Answer

Transporting oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body

Answer

Regulating body temperature through blood flow

Answer

Providing structural framework and protecting internal organs

Answer

Producing and distributing white blood cells

Question 36

What is the term for the muscle that relaxes to allow for a movement?

Accepted Answer

Antagonist

Answer

Agonist

Answer

Synergist

Answer

Fixator

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a type of joint in the body?

Accepted Answer

Muscular

Answer

Synovial

Answer

Cartilaginous

Answer

Fibrous

Question 38

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Age

Answer

Genetics

Answer

Gender

Question 39

Which flexibility exercise involves actively moving a joint through its full range of motion?

Accepted Answer

Dynamic stretching

Answer

Static stretching

Answer

Ballistic stretching

Answer

Passive stretching

Question 40

How does proprioception, sensory feedback from the body, contribute to maintaining balance and coordinating movements during dynamic activities like running and dancing?

Accepted Answer

Provides the central nervous system with information about joint positions and muscle lengths.

Answer

Triggers the release of hormones that regulate muscle function.

Answer

Controls the rate and depth of respiration.

Answer

Regulates blood pressure by adjusting blood flow.

Question 41

Which biomechanical analysis technique measures the electrical activity of muscles?

Accepted Answer

Electromyography (EMG)

Answer

Motion capture

Answer

Force plates

Question 42

Which muscle group is responsible for the extension of the knee joint?

Accepted Answer

Quadriceps

Answer

Hamstrings

Answer

Calves

Answer

Glutes

Question 43

The exchange of gases between the blood and the lungs occurs in which structure of the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Alveoli

Answer

Trachea

Answer

Diaphragm

Answer

Bronchi

Question 44

Which type of joint allows for a wide range of movement, including rotation and flexion?

Accepted Answer

Ball-and-socket joint

Answer

Hinge joint

Answer

Pivot joint

Answer

Saddle joint

Question 45

The hormone responsible for stimulating the heart rate and blood pressure is:

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Endorphins

Question 46

Which part of the nervous system transmits sensory information from the body to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral nervous system

Answer

Central nervous system

Answer

Somatic nervous system

Answer

Autonomic nervous system

Question 47

The energy system that primarily supports short-duration, high-intensity activities is called:

Accepted Answer

Anaerobic alactic system

Answer

Aerobic system

Answer

Anaerobic lactic system

Answer

Glycolytic system

Question 48

Which training principle involves gradually increasing the intensity or duration of exercise over time?

Accepted Answer

Progression

Answer

Overload

Answer

Specificity

Answer

Reversibility

Question 49

The type of muscle contraction that maintains muscle length without producing movement is known as:

Accepted Answer

Isometric contraction

Answer

Concentric contraction

Answer

Eccentric contraction

Answer

Isokinetic contraction

Question 50

Which of the following is the longest bone in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Femur

Answer

Humerus

Answer

Tibia

Answer

Fibula

Question 51

The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to:

Accepted Answer

Transport oxygen and nutrients

Answer

Regulate body temperature

Answer

Protect the body from infection

Answer

Facilitate movement

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Adipose tissue

Answer

Smooth muscle

Answer

Cardiac muscle

Answer

Skeletal muscle

Question 53

The exchange of gases between the blood and the alveoli occurs in the:

Accepted Answer

Lungs

Answer

Heart

Answer

Capillaries

Answer

Trachea

Question 54

Which of the following neurotransmitters is known as the 'feel-good' hormone?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 55

The contraction of skeletal muscles is controlled by the:

Accepted Answer

Nervous system

Answer

Endocrine system

Answer

Respiratory system

Answer

Muscular system

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of a ligament?

Accepted Answer

Anterior cruciate ligament

Answer

Patellar tendon

Answer

Achilles tendon

Answer

Hamstring muscle

Question 57

Which physical activity has the greatest energy expenditure per minute?

Accepted Answer

Sprinting at maximal effort

Answer

Walking at a moderate pace

Answer

Cycling at a steady pace

Answer

Running at a comfortable speed

Question 58

Which of the following is the main role of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Facilitating movement and support

Answer

Protecting vital organs

Answer

Storing minerals and producing blood cells

Answer

Regulating body temperature

Question 59

Which type of muscle tissue is under conscious control and responsible for voluntary movement?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle

Answer

Smooth muscle

Answer

Cardiac muscle

Answer

Visceral muscle

Question 60

Which component of the circulatory system is responsible for pumping blood?

Accepted Answer

Heart

Answer

Veins

Answer

Arteries

Answer

Capillaries

Question 61

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Answer

Nutrient absorption

Answer

Temperature regulation

Answer

Waste elimination

Question 62

Which division of the nervous system controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate and digestion?

Accepted Answer

Autonomic nervous system

Answer

Central nervous system

Answer

Peripheral nervous system

Answer

Somatic nervous system

Question 63

What is the name of the long bone in the upper arm?

Accepted Answer

Humerus

Answer

Femur

Answer

Tibia

Answer

Radius

Question 64

Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of movement?

Accepted Answer

Ball-and-socket joint

Answer

Hinge joint

Answer

Pivot joint

Answer

Saddle joint