Sampling Methods: A Comprehensive Guide for Advanced Mathematics

Question 1

Identify the non-probability sampling method:

Accepted Answer

Convenience sampling

Answer

Simple random sampling

Answer

Systematic sampling

Answer

Stratified sampling

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a probability sampling technique?

Accepted Answer

Convenience sampling

Answer

Simple random sampling

Answer

Systematic sampling

Answer

Stratified sampling

Question 3

Which probability sampling method involves randomly selecting individuals, giving each an equal chance of being chosen?

Accepted Answer

Simple random sampling

Answer

Convenience sampling

Answer

Quota sampling

Question 4

Which sampling method is NOT a probability sampling method?

Accepted Answer

Quota sampling

Answer

Simple random sampling

Answer

Stratified sampling

Answer

Cluster sampling

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a type of probability sampling method?

Accepted Answer

Convenience sampling

Answer

Stratified sampling

Answer

Systematic sampling

Answer

Simple random sampling

Question 6

Which of the following is the most appropriate sampling method for a study that aims to obtain a representative sample of the population?

Accepted Answer

Simple random sampling

Answer

Quota sampling

Answer

Cluster sampling

Answer

Convenience sampling

Question 7

What is the key difference between stratified sampling and cluster sampling?

Accepted Answer

Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into groups based on specific characteristics, while cluster sampling involves randomly selecting groups from the population.

Answer

Stratified sampling is more accurate than cluster sampling.

Question 8

Which of the following is an advantage of convenience sampling?

Accepted Answer

It is quick and cost-effective.

Answer

It eliminates bias from the selection process.

Answer

It provides a representative sample of the population.

Answer

It can be used for large populations.

Question 9

What is the main purpose of using a sampling frame when selecting a sample?

Accepted Answer

To ensure that all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected.

Answer

To obtain a representative sample of the population.

Answer

To reduce the cost of sampling.

Question 10

Which of the following is a potential source of bias in sampling?

Accepted Answer

Undercoverage

Answer

Sampling error

Answer

Measurement error

Answer

Random error

Question 11

What is the difference between the population and the sample in a research study?

Accepted Answer

The population is the entire group of individuals that the researcher is interested in studying, while the sample is a subset of the population that is actually studied.

Answer

The sample is larger than the population.

Question 12

Which of the following sampling methods is most appropriate for a study that aims to obtain a sample that is representative of the population with respect to multiple characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Stratified sampling

Answer

Cluster sampling

Answer

Convenience sampling

Answer

Simple random sampling

Question 13

What is the relationship between sample size and sampling error?

Accepted Answer

As sample size increases, sampling error decreases.

Answer

As sample size increases, sampling error increases.

Answer

There is no relationship between sample size and sampling error.

Question 14

Which sampling method randomly selects a predetermined number of individuals from a population?

Accepted Answer

Simple random sampling

Answer

Systematic sampling

Answer

Stratified sampling

Answer

Cluster sampling

Question 15

Which type of sampling bias arises when the sample does not accurately reflect the characteristics of the population?

Accepted Answer

Selection bias

Answer

Response bias

Answer

Non-response bias

Question 16

What is the distinction between a population and a sample?

Accepted Answer

A population is the entire group being studied, while a sample is a subset of the population.

Answer

A sample is more representative than a population.

Answer

A population is larger than a sample.

Question 17

What is the purpose of conducting a pilot study in research?

Accepted Answer

To evaluate the feasibility and reliability of research tools.

Answer

To determine the sample size for the main study.

Answer

To collect data for the main study.

Question 18

Which sampling method is most suitable for a population that is spread out geographically?

Accepted Answer

Cluster sampling

Answer

Convenience sampling

Answer

Simple random sampling

Answer

Stratified sampling

Question 19

What is the fundamental assumption underlying the use of probability sampling methods?

Accepted Answer

The probability of selecting each individual from the population is known.

Answer

The population is normally distributed.

Answer

The sample size is sufficiently large.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a potential source of sampling error?

Accepted Answer

Using a random sampling method

Answer

Non-response errors

Answer

Measurement errors

Answer

Sampling frame errors

Question 21

What is the primary advantage of convenience sampling?

Accepted Answer

Ease and low cost of implementation

Answer

High degree of accuracy

Answer

Elimination of sampling bias

Answer

Representation of diverse population groups

Question 22

What is the main difference between a population and a sample?

Accepted Answer

A population is the entire group of individuals under study, while a sample is a subset of the population selected for research purposes.

Answer

A population is only relevant in quantitative research.

Answer

A population is always larger than a sample.

Answer

A sample is always representative of the population.

Question 23

What is the purpose of a pilot study?

Accepted Answer

To test the feasibility and effectiveness of the sampling method and research instrument before conducting the main study.

Answer

To generalize the findings to the entire population

Answer

To collect data for the main study

Answer

To determine the sample size for the main study

Question 24

In quota sampling, researchers select individuals with specific characteristics to ensure a balanced representation of different subpopulations. Which of the following is the primary purpose of quota sampling?

Accepted Answer

To obtain a sample that accurately reflects the proportions of different subgroups in the population

Answer

To reduce sampling error

Answer

To ensure that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected

Answer

To increase the efficiency of data collection

Question 25

Stratified sampling is a probability sampling method in which the population is divided into subgroups, or strata, based on shared characteristics. What is the primary advantage of stratified sampling?

Accepted Answer

It ensures that different subgroups within the population are adequately represented in the sample, reducing sampling error

Answer

It is easier to implement than cluster sampling

Answer

It provides more precise estimates of population parameters than non-probability sampling methods

Answer

It is more cost-effective than simple random sampling

Question 26

When determining the appropriate sample size for a research study, researchers consider factors such as the desired level of precision, the variability of the population, and the cost of data collection. Which of the following sample sizes is likely to yield the most precise estimate of the population mean?

Accepted Answer

A sample size of 1,000

Answer

A sample size of 25

Answer

A sample size of 250

Answer

A sample size of 50

Question 27

Probability sampling and non-probability sampling are two broad categories of sampling methods. What is the fundamental distinction between these two approaches?

Accepted Answer

Probability sampling involves random selection, ensuring that every individual in the population has a known chance of being included in the sample, while non-probability sampling does not rely on random selection

Answer

Non-probability sampling is easier to implement than probability sampling

Answer

Probability sampling is more accurate than non-probability sampling

Answer

Probability sampling is always used for large populations, while non-probability sampling is used for small populations

Question 28

Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method in which every nth individual from a population is selected. When is systematic sampling most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

When the population is large and ordered in a way that is relevant to the research question

Answer

When the population is small and diverse

Answer

When the research question requires precise estimates of population parameters

Answer

When it is difficult to obtain a random sample

Question 29

Pilot studies are often conducted before large-scale research studies. What is the primary purpose of a pilot study?

Accepted Answer

To test the feasibility and refine the design of the main study, including the sampling method, data collection procedures, and research instruments

Answer

To recruit participants for the main study

Answer

To obtain preliminary data for analysis and hypothesis testing

Answer

To evaluate the effectiveness of the research intervention

Question 30

When conducting a research study, it is important to consider the potential consequences of using a small sample size. Which of the following is a potential drawback of using a small sample size?

Accepted Answer

Increased sampling error and reduced generalizability of results to the larger population

Answer

Improved accuracy of parameter estimates

Answer

Reduced cost and time required for data collection

Answer

Greater flexibility in data analysis

Question 31

Cluster sampling is a probability sampling method in which groups of individuals, or clusters, are randomly selected from the population. When is cluster sampling most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

When the population is geographically dispersed or difficult to access, and sampling every individual would be impractical or costly

Answer

When the research question requires highly precise estimates of population parameters

Answer

When the population is highly diverse

Answer

When the population is small and well-defined

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a probability sampling method?

Accepted Answer

Convenience sampling

Answer

Stratified sampling

Answer

Systematic sampling

Answer

Cluster sampling

Question 33

Which of the following is an advantage of using a stratified sampling method?

Accepted Answer

Ensures representation of different subgroups within the population

Answer

Reduces sample size

Answer

Simplifies data analysis

Question 34

What type of sampling method involves randomly selecting clusters of individuals from the population?

Accepted Answer

Cluster sampling

Answer

Systematic sampling

Answer

Quota sampling

Answer

Convenience sampling

Question 35

Which of the following is a disadvantage of non-probability sampling methods?

Accepted Answer

Can lead to biased results

Answer

Requires a large sample size

Answer

Complex to implement

Answer

Time-consuming

Question 36

What is the purpose of using a sampling frame in a sampling study?

Accepted Answer

To identify the eligible population for the study

Answer

To analyze the data

Answer

To determine the sample size

Answer

To collect data from the sample

Question 37

Which of the following is a key assumption of simple random sampling?

Accepted Answer

All members of the population have an equal chance of being selected

Answer

The sample size is large

Answer

The population is normally distributed

Question 38

When using systematic sampling, what must be used to ensure randomness?

Accepted Answer

A random starting point

Answer

The population size divided by the sample size

Answer

A random number generator

Answer

A sampling frame

Question 39

Which of the following is a type of quota sampling method?

Accepted Answer

Judgment sampling

Answer

Stratified sampling

Answer

Convenience sampling

Answer

Cluster sampling

Question 40

What is the main purpose of snowball sampling?

Accepted Answer

To reach hidden populations

Answer

To simplify data collection

Answer

To ensure random selection

Answer

To reduce sample size

Question 41

Which sampling method ensures that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected?

Accepted Answer

Probability sampling

Answer

Cluster sampling

Answer

Systematic sampling

Answer

Non-probability sampling

Question 42

In convenience sampling, participants are selected from:

Accepted Answer

A readily accessible group or setting

Answer

A specific demographic

Answer

Subgroups within the population

Answer

A randomly generated list

Question 43

A key advantage of stratified sampling is:

Accepted Answer

Ensuring representation of subgroups within the population

Answer

Simplifying data collection

Answer

Reducing sampling error

Question 44

In systematic sampling, individuals are selected by:

Accepted Answer

Choosing every nth member from a list of the population

Answer

Randomly selecting individuals from different subgroups

Answer

Identifying individuals based on specific criteria

Question 45

Convenience sampling may introduce bias because the:

Accepted Answer

Sample may not be representative of the population

Answer

Sample size is often too small

Answer

Data collection is time-consuming

Question 46

Purposive sampling involves selecting individuals who:

Accepted Answer

Meet specific criteria relevant to the research question

Answer

Are conveniently located

Answer

Represent different subgroups within the population

Question 47

A disadvantage of probability sampling compared to non-probability sampling is that it:

Accepted Answer

Can be more time-consuming and expensive

Answer

May not capture rare subgroups

Answer

Can lead to biased results

Question 48

Cluster sampling is most suitable when the population is:

Accepted Answer

Geographically dispersed

Answer

Highly diverse

Answer

Relatively small

Question 49

The fundamental principle of simple random sampling is that:

Accepted Answer

Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Answer

The population should be normally distributed

Answer

The sample size should be large enough

Question 50

In a research study, students at a university are randomly selected from the university directory to participate in a survey. This sampling method is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Simple Random Sampling

Answer

Systematic Sampling

Answer

Convenience Sampling

Answer

Quota Sampling

Question 51

A researcher aims to study the opinions of students at a university while ensuring that the sample proportionally reflects the representation of different faculties (e.g., Arts, Science). Which sampling method is most suitable for this purpose?

Accepted Answer

Stratified Random Sampling

Answer

Systematic Random Sampling

Answer

Cluster Sampling

Answer

Snowball Sampling

Question 52

When conducting a study on students' technology usage, a researcher decides to select students from classes they teach without using a randomized approach. This sampling method is categorized as:

Accepted Answer

Convenience Sampling

Answer

Stratified Random Sampling

Answer

Quota Sampling

Answer

Cluster Sampling

Question 53

In a research project, a researcher starts with a small group of participants and asks them to refer other potential participants who meet specific criteria. This sampling technique is known as:

Accepted Answer

Snowball Sampling

Answer

Quota Sampling

Answer

Simple Random Sampling

Answer

Convenience Sampling

Question 54

A researcher surveys students' technology usage by randomly selecting every 10th student from the university's enrollment list. This sampling method is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Systematic Sampling

Answer

Convenience Sampling

Answer

Cluster Sampling

Answer

Stratified Random Sampling

Question 55

In a research study, the university's student body is divided into faculties (e.g., Arts, Science), and a proportional number of students are randomly selected from each faculty. This sampling method is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Stratified Random Sampling

Answer

Simple Random Sampling

Answer

Cluster Sampling

Answer

Snowball Sampling

Question 56

When using cluster sampling, the researcher randomly selects a number of groups (clusters) from the population, and then includes all members of those clusters in the sample. This sampling technique is commonly used when:

Accepted Answer

The population is widely dispersed or difficult to access

Answer

The researcher has a large sample size

Answer

The researcher has a limited budget

Answer

The researcher wants to ensure a representative sample

Question 57

The primary concern associated with using convenience sampling is:

Accepted Answer

The sample may not accurately represent the target population.

Answer

The sampling method is complex and time-consuming.

Answer

The sample size is typically small.

Question 58

When determining the appropriate sample size for a research study, which factor is typically NOT considered?

Accepted Answer

The researcher's personal preferences

Answer

The variability within the population

Answer

The desired level of precision

Question 59

In a survey aiming to gauge student satisfaction at a university, the researcher aims for a 5% margin of error and a 95% confidence level. The primary factor that will influence the required sample size is:

Accepted Answer

The variability of student satisfaction levels within the university population

Answer

The university's budget

Answer

The number of academic departments