Medical Biotechnology: Diagnostics, Gene Therapy, and Vaccines

Question 1

What technique directly replaces faulty genes with functional ones to treat or prevent diseases?

Accepted Answer

Gene therapy

Answer

Diagnostics

Answer

Genetic engineering

Answer

Vaccines

Question 2

Which of these is a direct application of medical biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Diagnosing diseases

Accepted Answer

Gene editing for therapy

Accepted Answer

Developing new vaccines

Answer

Space exploration

Question 3

In which gene therapy approach are the patient's cells modified outside the body and then returned?

Accepted Answer

Ex vivo gene therapy

Answer

In vivo gene therapy

Answer

Germline gene therapy

Question 4

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique commonly used in medical biotechnology. What is its primary purpose?

Accepted Answer

Amplifying specific DNA sequences

Answer

Translating mRNA into protein

Answer

Sequencing DNA

Answer

Cutting DNA at specific sequences

Question 5

Which ethical consideration is particularly relevant to gene therapy?

Accepted Answer

Germline editing

Answer

Intellectual property rights

Answer

Informed consent

Answer

Patient confidentiality

Question 6

Monoclonal antibodies are commonly used in medical biotechnology. What is a key advantage of using them?

Accepted Answer

High target specificity and binding affinity

Answer

Low production cost

Answer

Ease of administration

Answer

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity

Question 7

What was the primary goal of the Human Genome Project?

Accepted Answer

To sequence and map the entire human genome

Answer

To develop gene therapies for all known diseases

Answer

To create a database of human genetic variation

Answer

To identify genetic markers for cancer susceptibility

Question 8

What is the key mechanism used by the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology?

Accepted Answer

Guide RNA-directed targeting of specific DNA sequences

Answer

Recombinant DNA technology-based insertion of new genes

Answer

PCR-based amplification of specific DNA fragments

Answer

RNA interference-mediated silencing of gene expression

Question 9

Which ethical principle is considered fundamental in medical biotechnology research and applications?

Accepted Answer

Beneficence and non-maleficence

Answer

Justice and fairness

Answer

Autonomy and consent

Answer

Equity and access

Question 10

Which laboratory technique is used to amplify specific DNA sequences for genetic diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

Karyotyping

Answer

Microarray analysis

Question 11

In gene therapy, what is the primary target that is modified to treat diseases?

Accepted Answer

Genetic material (DNA or RNA)

Answer

Ribosomes

Answer

Cell membranes

Answer

Mitochondria

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotic

Answer

Preservative

Answer

Adjuvant

Answer

Antigen

Question 13

What is a primary ethical concern related to genetic testing for predictive purposes?

Accepted Answer

Potential discrimination based on genetic information

Answer

Cost and accessibility of genetic testing

Answer

Accuracy and reliability of genetic tests

Question 14

Which of the following is a potential therapeutic application of stem cells in medical biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Regenerating damaged tissues and organs

Answer

Detoxifying environmental pollutants

Answer

Developing new cosmetics

Answer

Producing biofuels

Question 15

What is the primary function of monoclonal antibodies in medical biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Targeting specific molecules for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes

Answer

Regulating gene expression

Answer

Synthesizing proteins

Question 16

Which genetic engineering technique involves introducing foreign genetic material into a host organism?

Accepted Answer

Transgenesis

Answer

Genome editing

Answer

Gene silencing

Answer

Mutagenesis

Question 17

What is the main distinction between diagnostics and therapeutics in the context of medical biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Diagnostics identify diseases, while therapeutics treat them

Answer

Diagnostics are preventive, while therapeutics are curative

Answer

Diagnostics use invasive methods, while therapeutics use non-invasive methods

Question 18

What is the significance of bioinformatics in medical biotechnology research and development?

Accepted Answer

Analyzing large biological data sets to identify patterns and develop new therapies

Answer

Creating synthetic organisms

Answer

Designing new diagnostic tools

Question 19

Which of the following is **not** an application of biotechnology in the medical field?

Accepted Answer

Bioremediation

Answer

Vaccines

Answer

Diagnostics

Answer

Gene therapy

Question 20

In gene therapy, which technique involves replacing a defective gene with a functional copy?

Accepted Answer

Gene augmentation

Answer

Antisense therapy

Answer

Gene knockout

Answer

RNA interference

Question 21

The primary role of monoclonal antibodies in medical diagnostics is:

Accepted Answer

Highly specific antigen recognition

Answer

Prevention of infection

Answer

Amplification of samples

Answer

Gene editing

Question 22

A potential application of CRISPR-Cas9 in medical biotechnology is:

Accepted Answer

Gene editing for disease treatment

Answer

Industrial enzyme production

Answer

Environmental remediation

Answer

Wine fermentation

Question 23

What is the main purpose of a Western blot in medical biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Detection of specific proteins in a sample

Answer

Detection of genetic mutations

Answer

Gene sequencing

Answer

Amplification of DNA sequences

Question 24

Which step is crucial in the production of monoclonal antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Hybridoma fusion

Answer

DNA sequencing

Answer

PCR amplification

Answer

Immunization

Question 25

Which of the following is **not** a potential application of medical biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Development of artificial intelligence systems

Answer

Gene therapy

Answer

Diagnostics

Answer

Vaccines

Question 26

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique used in medical biotechnology primarily for:

Accepted Answer

Amplifying specific DNA sequences

Answer

Producing recombinant proteins

Answer

Identifying genetic mutations

Answer

Sequencing DNA

Question 27

The primary target of gene therapy is:

Accepted Answer

Specific DNA sequences in a patient's cells

Answer

Proteins in the cell membrane

Answer

Viruses infecting the patient

Answer

RNA molecules in the blood

Question 28

The development of mRNA vaccines demonstrates how medical biotechnology can:

Accepted Answer

Harness advances in molecular biology for disease prevention

Answer

Improve the accuracy of medical diagnosis

Answer

Reduce the cost of healthcare

Question 29

Which ethical consideration is of utmost importance in medical biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Ensuring equitable access to benefits and minimizing potential risks

Answer

Complying with regulatory standards

Answer

Protecting intellectual property rights

Question 30

In medical biotechnology, bioinformatics is primarily used for:

Accepted Answer

Analyzing and interpreting biological data

Answer

Manufacturing medical devices

Answer

Designing new drugs

Question 31

A potential benefit of using stem cells in medical biotechnology is:

Accepted Answer

Regenerating damaged tissues and organs

Answer

Enhancing cognitive abilities

Answer

Eliminating the need for organ transplantation

Answer

Preventing the spread of infectious diseases

Question 32

A key characteristic of regenerative medicine is its focus on:

Accepted Answer

Replacing or repairing damaged tissues and organs

Answer

Prioritizing cost-effectiveness over patient outcomes

Answer

Using only synthetic materials for implantations

Answer

Exclusively treating chronic diseases

Question 33

Which of the following is not considered a common application of medical biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Wastewater treatment

Answer

Vaccines

Answer

Diagnostics

Answer

Gene therapy

Question 34

Which technique involves replacing a defective gene with a functional one to treat or prevent genetic diseases?

Accepted Answer

Gene therapy

Answer

RNA interference

Answer

Genetic engineering

Answer

DNA fingerprinting

Question 35

What is a key advantage of employing monoclonal antibodies in medical diagnostics?

Accepted Answer

High specificity and sensitivity in detecting target molecules

Answer

Convenience of use

Answer

Cost-effectiveness

Answer

Non-invasive nature

Question 36

Which ethical concern is commonly associated with the advancement of medical biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Genetic discrimination

Answer

Animal rights

Answer

Intellectual property disputes

Answer

Environmental impact

Question 37

What is a unique property of stem cells relevant to regenerative medicine?

Accepted Answer

Capacity to differentiate into various cell types, enabling tissue repair

Answer

Ability to produce unlimited quantities of specific cell types

Answer

Resistance to genetic manipulation

Question 38

Which technique is commonly used to amplify specific DNA segments for use in diagnostic tests?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer

Restriction enzyme digestion

Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Question 39

What is the fundamental principle behind recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

Combining DNA fragments from different sources to create novel molecules

Answer

Altering the genetic makeup of organisms

Answer

Analyzing genetic sequences

Question 40

How does gene editing contribute to medical biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Precisely modifying genes to potentially treat or prevent diseases

Answer

Increasing crop yield

Answer

Creating new animal species

Question 41

What primary function does bioinformatics serve in medical biotechnology research?

Accepted Answer

Analyzing and interpreting genetic data to identify disease-causing mutations

Answer

Developing new drugs

Answer

Producing vaccines

Question 42

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of personalized medicine?

Accepted Answer

Tailoring medical treatments to the individual characteristics of each patient

Answer

Developing new drugs for all diseases

Answer

Using traditional medicine to treat all patients equally