Cardiovascular Disorders: Types, Risk Factors, and Nursing Management

Question 1

What is the primary cause of myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis and subsequent thrombus formation

Answer

Inflammation of the heart muscle

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Congenital heart defects

Question 2

Which nursing intervention is crucial for managing a patient with congestive heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Monitoring fluid balance

Answer

Administering oxygen therapy

Answer

Teaching the patient about their condition

Answer

Providing emotional support

Question 3

What type of arrhythmia is characterized by a fast and irregular heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Answer

Ventricular tachycardia

Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Sinus rhythm

Question 4

Which medication class is commonly prescribed for hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Beta-blockers

Answer

Antiplatelets

Answer

Anticoagulants

Answer

Antiarrhythmics

Question 5

What is the surgical procedure used to replace a damaged heart valve called?

Accepted Answer

Valve replacement

Answer

Coronary artery bypass grafting

Answer

Pacemaker insertion

Answer

Angioplasty

Question 6

Which dietary approach is recommended for individuals with cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Mediterranean diet

Answer

Low-carb, high-fat diet

Answer

Intermittent fasting

Answer

Vegan diet

Question 7

Which type of cardiovascular disease involves inflammation of the blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Vasculitis

Answer

Atherosclerosis

Answer

Thrombosis

Answer

Hypertension

Question 8

Which of the following is a significant risk factor for developing cardiovascular disorders?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Accepted Answer

Obesity

Answer

Regular physical activity

Answer

A balanced and nutritious diet

Question 9

What is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disorders?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Stress

Answer

Genetics

Answer

Age

Question 10

Which term refers to the narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the heart due to plaque buildup?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis

Answer

Myocardial infarction

Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Arrhythmia

Question 11

What is a common clinical manifestation of heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Shortness of breath, especially when lying down

Answer

Fever

Answer

Nausea

Answer

Chest pain

Question 12

Which of the following is the primary goal of thrombolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

To restore blood flow to the heart muscle

Answer

To prevent arrhythmias

Answer

To reduce pain

Answer

To lower blood pressure

Question 13

What is the most important component of nursing care for a patient with newly diagnosed heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Educating the patient about self-management strategies, such as medication adherence, lifestyle modifications, and recognizing signs of worsening condition

Answer

Administering medications

Answer

Monitoring vital signs

Question 14

Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disorders?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Physical inactivity

Answer

Smoking

Question 15

What is the priority nursing goal for a patient with unstable angina?

Accepted Answer

Relieving pain and preventing complications, such as myocardial infarction

Answer

Curing the underlying heart condition

Answer

Educating the patient about risk factors

Answer

Improving the patient's quality of life

Question 16

What is a potential complication of heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary edema

Answer

Stroke

Answer

Pneumonia

Answer

Cancer

Question 17

Which type of arrhythmia is most prevalent?

Accepted Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Answer

Torsades de pointes

Answer

Heart block

Answer

Ventricular tachycardia

Question 18

Which of the following is a well-established risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Low stress levels

Answer

Moderate alcohol intake

Question 19

What type of cardiovascular disorder is characterized by a buildup of plaque in the arteries?

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery disease

Answer

Arrhythmia

Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Stroke

Question 20

What is the main goal of nursing care for patients with cardiovascular disorders?

Accepted Answer

To prevent complications and promote overall well-being

Answer

To provide comfort and support

Answer

To reverse the underlying disease process

Question 21

Which class of medication is commonly used as first-line treatment for high blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

Answer

Statins

Answer

Anticoagulants

Answer

Antibiotics

Question 22

What is the underlying pathophysiological process in atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of fatty deposits and plaque within the walls of arteries

Answer

Inflammation of the heart muscle

Answer

Electrical disturbances in the heart's conduction system

Answer

Narrowing of heart valves

Question 23

Which lifestyle modification can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Adopting a balanced and nutritious diet

Answer

Consuming alcohol in moderation

Answer

Getting adequate sleep

Answer

Smoking regularly

Question 24

What is the fundamental difference between a heart attack and a stroke?

Accepted Answer

A heart attack affects blood flow to the heart, while a stroke affects blood flow to the brain

Answer

Heart attacks are more common in men, while strokes are more common in women

Answer

Heart attacks are caused by blood clots, while strokes are caused by bleeding

Question 25

Which nursing intervention is essential in the management of a patient with heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Monitoring fluid intake and output

Answer

Performing tracheotomy

Answer

Administering antibiotics

Answer

Inserting a pacemaker

Question 26

What is the primary pathological process underlying atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

Progressive build-up of atheromatous plaque within the arterial walls

Answer

Abnormal electrical activity within the heart

Answer

Weakening of the heart muscle

Answer

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

Question 27

Which of the following is a common presenting symptom experienced by patients with heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Progressive shortness of breath, particularly when lying flat or exerting oneself

Answer

Persistent nausea and vomiting

Answer

Chest pain or discomfort

Answer

Frequent episodes of dizziness or fainting

Question 28

What is the initial priority of nursing care for a patient experiencing an acute myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

Administering supplemental oxygen and closely monitoring vital signs

Answer

Performing an emergency cardiac catheterization

Answer

Providing emotional support and reassurance

Answer

Prescribing anti-anginal medications

Question 29

Which type of blood lipid is primarily associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Answer

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Answer

Triglycerides

Answer

Phospholipids

Question 30

What is the main purpose of a cardiac stress test?

Accepted Answer

To evaluate the heart's response to increasing physical exertion

Answer

To diagnose abnormal heart rhythms

Answer

To visualize the detailed anatomy of the heart

Answer

To measure blood pressure accurately

Question 31

What is the primary mechanism of action of antiplatelet agents used in the management of cardiovascular disorders?

Accepted Answer

Inhibiting the aggregation of platelets to prevent blood clot formation

Answer

Reducing levels of cholesterol in the blood

Answer

Strengthening the heart muscle

Answer

Lowering blood pressure

Question 32

Which of the following lifestyle modifications has been consistently shown to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disorders?

Accepted Answer

Regular engagement in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise

Answer

Excessive consumption of alcohol

Answer

Smoking tobacco products

Answer

Adherence to a diet high in saturated fats

Question 33

Which of the following is considered a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disorders?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Age

Answer

Family history

Answer

Gender

Question 34

What is the leading cause of cardiovascular deaths worldwide?

Accepted Answer

Ischemic heart disease

Answer

Peripheral artery disease

Answer

Stroke

Answer

Heart failure

Question 35

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of unstable angina?

Accepted Answer

Chest pain that occurs at rest or with minimal exertion

Answer

Chest pain that is relieved by rest or nitrates

Answer

Chest pain that is associated with shortness of breath

Answer

Chest pain that is severe and unrelenting

Question 36

What is the primary focus of nursing care for a patient experiencing a myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

Restoring blood flow to the heart and managing complications

Answer

Relieving pain and anxiety

Answer

Providing psychological support

Question 37

What is the immediate priority in the management of a patient with an acute stroke?

Accepted Answer

Restoring blood flow to the brain

Answer

Managing pain

Answer

Lowering blood pressure

Answer

Preventing seizures

Question 38

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of peripheral artery disease?

Accepted Answer

Intermittent claudication

Answer

Shortness of breath

Answer

Chest pain

Question 39

What is the pathophysiology of heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Weakening of the heart muscle, resulting in reduced pumping efficiency

Answer

Formation of blood clots in the heart

Answer

Narrowing of the coronary arteries

Question 40

A patient with heart failure is experiencing dyspnea and orthopnea. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate to address these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Elevate the head of the bed 30 degrees or higher to facilitate easier breathing and reduce shortness of breath.

Answer

Administer oxygen as prescribed, as it may be necessary to supplement oxygen levels but does not directly address dyspnea or orthopnea.

Answer

Encourage frequent ambulation, as it may worsen symptoms due to increased heart demand.

Question 41

A patient with atrial fibrillation is at increased risk for which complication?

Accepted Answer

Stroke, as atrial fibrillation can lead to blood clots forming in the heart and traveling to the brain.

Answer

Heart failure, while related to atrial fibrillation, is not the primary complication of concern.

Answer

Myocardial infarction is not a direct complication of atrial fibrillation.

Answer

Pulmonary embolism, although a potential complication, is less common than stroke in atrial fibrillation.

Question 42

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Smoking, as it damages blood vessels and increases the risk of plaque buildup.

Answer

Genetics, similar to family history, is a non-modifiable risk factor.

Answer

Family history, although a risk factor, is not modifiable.

Answer

Age, while a non-modifiable risk factor, is not the focus of the question.

Question 43

A patient with hypertension is prescribed a beta-blocker. What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-blockers in treating hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Decreasing heart rate and contractility, which reduces cardiac output and blood pressure.

Answer

Blocking the renin-angiotensin system, which is the mechanism of action for ACE inhibitors and ARBs, not beta-blockers.

Answer

Dilating blood vessels, which is a mechanism of action for certain other antihypertensive medications but not beta-blockers.

Question 44

A patient presents with chest pain, diaphoresis, and shortness of breath. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Myocardial infarction, as these symptoms are classic indicators of a heart attack.

Answer

Pericarditis, while causing chest pain, usually does not present with diaphoresis or shortness of breath.

Answer

Pneumonia, while causing respiratory symptoms, typically does not manifest with chest pain or diaphoresis.

Answer

Pulmonary embolism, although a possibility, is less likely given the presence of chest pain.

Question 45

Which of the following is a common symptom of peripheral artery disease?

Accepted Answer

Intermittent claudication, which is characterized by leg pain or cramping brought on by exercise and relieved by rest.

Answer

Palpitations are not associated with peripheral artery disease.

Answer

Edema can occur in advanced stages of peripheral artery disease but is not a common initial symptom.

Answer

Dyspnea is not a typical symptom of peripheral artery disease.

Question 46

A patient with heart failure is being discharged home. Which nursing instruction is most important to emphasize during patient education?

Accepted Answer

Weigh yourself daily and report any significant weight gain, as sudden weight gain can indicate fluid retention and worsening heart failure.

Answer

Take your medications as prescribed is important but less crucial than monitoring weight gain.

Answer

Limit physical activity is generally not recommended for heart failure patients as regular activity can improve symptoms.

Question 47

Which diagnostic test is used to visualize the coronary arteries and detect blockages?

Accepted Answer

Coronary angiography, which involves injecting a dye into the coronary arteries and taking X-ray images to visualize them.

Answer

Stress test involves exercising the patient to assess their heart's response but does not provide visualization of the arteries.

Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart but does not provide direct visualization of the arteries.

Answer

Echocardiogram uses sound waves to create images of the heart but does not specifically visualize the coronary arteries.

Question 48

A patient is experiencing chest pain that is relieved by rest. Which type of angina is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Stable angina, which is caused by a temporary reduction in blood flow to the heart and typically relieved by rest.

Answer

Silent ischemia does not cause chest pain.

Answer

Unstable angina is not relieved by rest and is a more serious condition.

Answer

Variant angina is a rare type of angina that is not typically relieved by rest.

Question 49

Which of the following is a key lifestyle modification to prevent cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining a healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, as this can help reduce the risk of plaque buildup in arteries.

Answer

Using herbal supplements is not supported by scientific evidence as a preventive measure for cardiovascular disease.

Answer

Taking daily aspirin is not a primary preventive measure for cardiovascular disease.

Question 50

A patient with coronary artery disease (CAD) complains of chest pain. What is the most appropriate initial nursing action?

Accepted Answer

Assess the patient's vital signs and administer oxygen.

Answer

Call for a rapid response team.

Answer

Administer nitroglycerin sublingually.

Answer

Prepare the patient for immediate cardiac catheterization.

Question 51

Which of the following risk factors is most strongly linked to the development of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Family history of hypertension

Answer

High cholesterol levels

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Obesity

Question 52

A patient with heart failure is experiencing shortness of breath and fatigue. Which of these nursing interventions is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Elevate the head of the bed and administer oxygen.

Answer

Encourage the patient to ambulate frequently.

Answer

Administer diuretics to reduce fluid overload.

Answer

Restrict fluids to reduce cardiac workload.

Question 53

What is a common complication associated with atrial fibrillation?

Accepted Answer

Stroke

Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Myocardial infarction

Answer

Pulmonary embolism

Question 54

A patient with a history of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is experiencing intermittent claudication. Which instruction should the nurse provide?

Accepted Answer

Avoid prolonged periods of standing or sitting.

Answer

Perform vigorous exercise to improve circulation.

Answer

Apply heat to the affected area.

Answer

Elevate the affected leg above the heart.

Question 55

Which diagnostic test directly assesses the electrical activity of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer

Stress test

Answer

Cardiac catheterization

Answer

Echocardiogram

Question 56

A patient with a history of heart valve disease is at risk for which complication?

Accepted Answer

Endocarditis

Answer

Stroke

Answer

Myocardial infarction

Answer

Heart failure

Question 57

A patient with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is at risk for which complication?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary embolism

Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Myocardial infarction

Answer

Stroke

Question 58

Which medication class is commonly used to treat hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

Answer

Antibiotics

Answer

Antihistamines

Answer

Antivirals