Memory and Recall: A Comprehensive Guide for Cognitive Psychology Students

Question 1

The hippocampus plays a key role in forming which types of memories?

Accepted Answer

Both episodic and semantic memories

Answer

Only semantic memories

Answer

Only episodic memories

Answer

New memories only

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the encoding process of memory?

Accepted Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Automatic processing

Answer

Elaborative encoding

Question 3

What is anterograde amnesia? Explain its causes and potential treatments.

Accepted Answer

Inability to form new memories after an event, often due to hippocampal damage.

Answer

Complete loss of all memories.

Answer

Inability to retrieve memories from before an event.

Answer

No effective treatments exist.

Question 4

In the memory processing model, which stage involves the initial transformation of sensory information into a usable form?

Accepted Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Rehearsal

Answer

Retrieval

Question 5

Which of the following strategies has been empirically demonstrated to enhance memory retrieval?

Accepted Answer

Active recall

Answer

Passive reading

Answer

Cramming

Answer

Rote memorization

Question 6

Episodic memory, which stores personal experiences, is classified as a type of:

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Working memory

Question 7

Acetylcholine has been linked to which cognitive function related to memory?

Accepted Answer

Memory formation

Answer

Language processing

Answer

Attention

Answer

Memory retrieval

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?

Accepted Answer

Recalling a specific birthday celebration

Answer

Remembering how to ride a bike

Answer

Understanding the definition of the word "love"

Answer

Recalling your phone number

Question 9

Which encoding strategy involves creating meaningful connections between new and existing information?

Accepted Answer

Elaboration

Answer

Chunking

Answer

Organization

Answer

Rehearsal

Question 10

One criticism of the concept of 'flashbulb memories' is that:

Accepted Answer

They can be inaccurate over time

Answer

They are not stored in the same way as other memories

Answer

They are only associated with highly emotional events

Answer

They are only experienced by certain individuals

Question 11

Mnemonic devices can be beneficial because they:

Accepted Answer

Enhance memory performance

Answer

Reduce stress

Answer

Eliminate the need for rehearsal

Answer

Make learning more enjoyable

Question 12

Implicit memory is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Unconscious retrieval

Answer

Requiring conscious effort to retrieve

Answer

Being easily forgotten

Answer

Being exclusively associated with episodic memories

Question 13

To improve long-term memory, it is recommended to:

Accepted Answer

Use spaced repetition

Answer

Avoid using mnemonic devices

Answer

Engage in massed practice

Answer

Rely solely on rote memorization

Question 14

A symptom commonly associated with Alzheimer's disease is:

Accepted Answer

Progressive memory loss

Answer

Improved attention span

Answer

Enhanced problem-solving skills

Answer

Increased social interactions

Question 15

Which theory proposes that memories undergo a gradual process of consolidation?

Accepted Answer

Systems consolidation theory

Answer

Transfer-appropriate processing theory

Answer

Multiple trace theory

Answer

Elaboration theory

Question 16

Which type of memory stores general knowledge and facts over a long period?

Accepted Answer

Declarative Memory

Answer

Sensory Memory

Answer

Short-Term Memory

Answer

Procedural Memory

Question 17

Which strategy involves creating meaningful connections between pieces of information?

Accepted Answer

Semantic Encoding

Answer

Visual Encoding

Answer

Episodic Encoding

Answer

Acoustic Encoding

Question 18

Which model proposes that long-term memories are represented as interconnected ideas and concepts?

Accepted Answer

Semantic Network Model

Answer

Parallel Distributed Processing Model

Answer

Levels of Processing Model

Answer

Multiple Trace Theory

Question 19

The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list is known as the:

Accepted Answer

Serial Position Effect

Answer

Primacy Effect

Answer

Recency Effect

Question 20

Which of the following is a factor that does NOT contribute to forgetting?

Accepted Answer

Retrieval cues

Answer

Decay

Answer

Interference

Question 21

Which memory system stores memories of personal experiences in rich detail?

Accepted Answer

Episodic Memory

Answer

Semantic Memory

Answer

Procedural Memory

Answer

Working Memory

Question 22

Which brain structure plays a crucial role in the formation of new long-term memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 23

After witnessing a car accident, Sarah vividly recalls specific details of the incident, such as the car's color and model. This type of memory is known as:

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Working memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Question 24

John is trying to memorize a list of items by repeating them in his mind. This rehearsal technique primarily aids which memory process?

Accepted Answer

Encoding

Answer

Consolidation

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Storage

Question 25

The capacity of short-term memory is widely considered to be:

Accepted Answer

Limited to 7 +/- 2 items

Answer

Unlimited

Answer

Determined by the level of education

Answer

Varies significantly between individuals

Question 26

Which of the following activities is generally the most effective in improving long-term memory retention of information?

Accepted Answer

Connecting the information to personal experiences or meaningful associations

Answer

Reading the information superficially

Answer

Highlighting all the key terms in a text

Answer

Repeating the information repeatedly without any context

Question 27

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is an example of difficulty with which memory process?

Accepted Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Storage

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Consolidation

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of proactive interference?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty recalling a new phone number due to interference from a previously memorized number

Answer

Forgetting what you had for breakfast yesterday

Answer

Failing to remember a childhood memory due to the accumulation of new information

Question 29

The hippocampus is primarily responsible for:

Accepted Answer

Formation of new long-term memories

Answer

Regulation of emotions

Answer

Control of motor movements

Answer

Processing of visual information

Question 30

Eyewitness testimony can be influenced by external factors such as:

Accepted Answer

Leading questions from interviewers

Answer

Time of day

Answer

Age of the witness

Answer

Weather conditions

Question 31

Which of the following is a characteristic of flashbulb memories?

Accepted Answer

They are vivid, emotionally charged memories that are often formed during significant events.

Answer

They are always completely accurate and reliable

Answer

They fade away quickly over time

Question 32

Which memory system is responsible for holding information for a very brief period, typically less than a second, and is crucial for processing sensory input?

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Working memory

Answer

Long-term memory

Question 33

The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory is known as:

Accepted Answer

Encoding

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Storage

Answer

Rehearsal

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a type of encoding?

Accepted Answer

Emotional encoding

Answer

Acoustic encoding

Answer

Semantic encoding

Answer

Visual encoding

Question 35

The limited capacity of short-term memory is typically around:

Accepted Answer

7 plus or minus 2 items

Answer

Unlimited

Answer

3-5 items

Answer

15-20 items

Question 36

The strategy of repeating information to yourself to keep it in short-term memory is called:

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Chunking

Answer

Elaboration

Question 37

Which memory system is responsible for storing information for extended periods, potentially a lifetime?

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Working memory

Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Sensory memory

Question 38

The process of bringing information from long-term memory back into conscious awareness is called:

Accepted Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Rehearsal

Answer

Storage

Question 39

Which type of memory is responsible for remembering personal experiences, such as your first day of school?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Working memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Question 40

Remembering how to ride a bike is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Question 41

The inability to recall information from long-term memory due to a lack of appropriate retrieval cues is known as:

Accepted Answer

Retrieval failure

Answer

Encoding failure

Answer

Interference

Answer

Storage decay

Question 42

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, which memory store is responsible for holding information for a few seconds?

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Working memory

Question 43

Which type of memory involves the conscious effort to store and retrieve information?

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory

Answer

Implicit memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Question 44

Which of the following factors can impair memory encoding?

Accepted Answer

Lack of attention

Answer

Good sleep

Answer

Rehearsal

Answer

Positive mood

Question 45

Which retrieval cue helps enhance memory retrieval by providing specific details about the target memory?

Accepted Answer

Context-dependent cue

Answer

Mood-congruent cue

Answer

Priming

Answer

State-dependent cue

Question 46

Which of the following is a common memory distortion?

Accepted Answer

Misinformation effect

Answer

Deja vu

Answer

Cryptomnesia

Answer

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 47

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, which level of arousal is optimal for memory performance?

Accepted Answer

Moderate arousal

Answer

Low arousal

Answer

High arousal

Answer

Inverted-U shaped arousal

Question 48

Which neurotransmitter is believed to play a crucial role in memory formation?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

GABA

Question 49

Which brain structure is associated with episodic memory, the ability to remember personal experiences?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 50

Which type of memory aids in the performance of skilled movements, such as playing a musical instrument?

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Working memory

Answer

Declarative memory