Memory: Types, Models, Forgetting, and Disorders - Neuropsychology Quiz

Question 1

Which of these is NOT a type of long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Working

Answer

Episodic

Answer

Semantic

Answer

Procedural

Question 2

Which of the following is the process of converting new information into a form that can be stored in memory?

Accepted Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Forgetting

Question 3

Which of the following models of memory suggests that memories are stored as a network of interconnected concepts?

Accepted Answer

Semantic network model

Answer

Modal model

Answer

Levels of processing model

Answer

Working memory model

Question 4

Which of the following memory disorders is characterized by an inability to form new memories?

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Hyperthymesia

Answer

Retrograde amnesia

Question 5

Which brain region plays a primary role in the formation of new memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Frontal lobe

Question 6

Which type of memory involves accessing information without conscious awareness?

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory

Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Explicit memory

Answer

Sensory memory

Question 7

Which theory of memory emphasizes the role of existing knowledge in shaping memory formation?

Accepted Answer

Schema theory

Answer

Levels of processing theory

Answer

Retrieval practice theory

Answer

Dual-coding theory

Question 8

Which step of the memory retrieval process involves accessing the memory store?

Accepted Answer

Search

Answer

Reconstruction

Answer

Verification

Answer

Transformation

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT considered a type of memory?

Accepted Answer

Metamemory

Answer

Implicit memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Question 10

Which model of memory describes the processing of information through three distinct stages?

Accepted Answer

Multi-store model

Answer

Hierarchical model

Answer

Working memory model

Answer

Declarative memory model

Question 11

What is the primary function of working memory in the context of memory processing?

Accepted Answer

Temporarily storing and manipulating information

Answer

Encoding new memories

Answer

Retrieving long-term memories

Question 12

What is the fundamental distinction between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia?

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia affects the formation of new memories, while retrograde amnesia affects the retrieval of past memories.

Answer

Anterograde amnesia affects the retrieval of past memories, while retrograde amnesia affects the formation of new memories.

Question 13

Which brain structure plays a crucial role in the formation of episodic memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Working memory storage

Answer

Procedural memory formation

Answer

Semantic memory formation

Question 14

What is the key difference between explicit and implicit memory?

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory involves conscious recall, while implicit memory operates automatically and unconsciously.

Answer

Explicit memory involves long-term storage, while implicit memory involves short-term storage.

Question 15

A key concept in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory is:

Accepted Answer

Decay

Answer

Recency

Answer

Primacy

Answer

Spacing

Question 16

After witnessing a car accident, Sarah distinctly remembers the car's make, model, and color. Which type of memory is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Question 17

The process of transforming information into a storable form in memory is called:

Accepted Answer

Encoding

Answer

Recall

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Storage

Question 18

Which component is NOT part of the Working Memory Model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch?

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Phonological loop

Answer

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer

Central executive

Question 19

Damage to the hippocampus primarily affects:

Accepted Answer

Formation of new long-term memories

Answer

Regulation of emotions

Answer

Processing of visual information

Answer

Retrieval of old memories

Question 20

Continuously repeating a phone number in your mind to remember it demonstrates:

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer

Chunking

Answer

Retrieval cue

Answer

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 21

The tendency to better remember information that connects to our personal experiences is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Self-reference effect

Answer

Encoding specificity principle

Answer

Spacing effect

Answer

Serial position effect

Question 22

Which factors can contribute to the unreliability of eyewitness testimony?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Answer

Stressful situations

Answer

Errors in source identification

Answer

Misinformation

Question 23

A hallmark characteristic of Alzheimer's disease is:

Accepted Answer

Progressive decline in memory and cognitive abilities

Answer

Sudden onset with minimal memory loss

Answer

Preserved procedural memory amidst impaired episodic memory

Answer

Primarily caused by stress or psychological trauma

Question 24

The inability to recall a familiar word despite recognizing it is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Retrieval failure

Answer

Storage failure

Answer

Recognition failure

Answer

Encoding failure

Question 25

Using memory aids like acronyms or rhymes to improve memory is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A metacognitive strategy

Answer

An interference theory

Answer

A retroactive amnesia technique

Answer

A decay process

Question 26

A patient with anterograde amnesia would most likely have difficulty with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Remembering a new phone number after being told it just moments ago.

Answer

Recalling childhood memories.

Answer

Performing a well-learned motor skill like riding a bike.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a key component of Baddeley's model of working memory?

Accepted Answer

Episodic Buffer

Answer

Phonological Loop

Answer

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Question 28

The process of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory is known as:

Accepted Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Retrieval

Question 29

Which type of memory is responsible for remembering facts and general knowledge?

Accepted Answer

Semantic Memory

Answer

Procedural Memory

Answer

Sensory Memory

Answer

Episodic Memory

Question 30

The 'primacy effect' in serial recall refers to the tendency to:

Accepted Answer

Remember the first few items in a list better than those in the middle.

Answer

Remember the last few items in a list better than those in the middle.

Answer

Recall items from the middle of a list more accurately.

Question 31

Which of the following is a technique used to improve memory by associating new information with existing knowledge?

Accepted Answer

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer

Chunking

Answer

Spaced Retrieval

Question 32

The hippocampus is a brain structure crucial for:

Accepted Answer

Forming new long-term memories.

Answer

Regulating emotions.

Answer

Processing sensory information.

Answer

Controlling motor movements.

Question 33

A flashbulb memory is a type of memory that is:

Accepted Answer

Vivid and detailed, often associated with a significant emotional event.

Answer

Based on procedural knowledge and motor skills.

Answer

Highly accurate and reliable, despite time.

Question 34

The forgetting curve, as proposed by Hermann Ebbinghaus, suggests that:

Accepted Answer

We forget information rapidly at first, then at a slower rate over time.

Answer

We remember information more accurately over time.

Answer

Forgetting is constant and uniform across time.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of memory impairment?

Accepted Answer

Increased levels of neurotransmitters.

Answer

Substance abuse.

Answer

Brain injury.

Answer

Neurodegenerative diseases.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a type of long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Question 37

Which of the following is a key component of the working memory model?

Accepted Answer

Central executive

Answer

Sensory buffer

Answer

Episodic buffer

Question 38

Which of the following processes is involved in the consolidation of memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampal-neocortical interaction

Answer

Retrograde amnesia

Answer

Synaptic strengthening

Answer

Prefrontal cortex activation

Question 39

Which of the following is a characteristic of anterograde amnesia?

Accepted Answer

Inability to form new memories

Answer

Difficulty with attention and concentration

Answer

Impaired recall of past memories

Question 40

Which of the following is a strategy for improving memory?

Accepted Answer

Chunking

Answer

Ignoring distractions

Answer

Passive reading

Answer

Cramming

Question 41

Which of the following is a key function of the hippocampus in memory?

Accepted Answer

Encoding episodic memories

Answer

Storing semantic knowledge

Answer

Regulating emotions

Answer

Processing visual information

Question 42

Which of the following is a technique used to measure the accuracy of memory?

Accepted Answer

Recall

Answer

Recognition

Answer

Priming

Answer

Reconstruction

Question 43

Which of the following is a feature of autobiographical memory?

Accepted Answer

It is specific to an individual's life experiences.

Answer

It is easily forgotten.

Answer

It is stored in a distributed fashion.

Question 44

Which of the following is a proposed stage in the multi-store memory model?

Accepted Answer

Sensory store

Answer

Chunking store

Answer

Encoding store

Answer

Episodic store