DNA Structure and Function: Master the Building Blocks of Life

Question 1

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil

Answer

Adenine

Answer

Cytosine

Question 2

DNA has a structure known as a:

Accepted Answer

Double helix

Answer

Single helix

Answer

Triple helix

Answer

Quadruple helix

Question 3

During DNA replication, which enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

Polymerase

Answer

Ligase

Answer

Topoisomerase

Question 4

In DNA, which base pairs with cytosine?

Accepted Answer

Guanine

Answer

Adenine

Answer

Thymine

Answer

Uracil

Question 5

Which of these is NOT a stage in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation

Answer

Splicing

Question 6

DNA fingerprinting is primarily used for:

Accepted Answer

Identifying individuals

Answer

Diagnosing genetic diseases

Answer

Studying evolution

Answer

Creating genetically modified organisms

Question 7

Which technique can be used to make multiple copies of a specific region of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

Restriction enzyme digestion

Answer

DNA sequencing

Question 8

A potential ethical concern regarding the use of genetic information is:

Accepted Answer

Discrimination based on genetic predispositions

Answer

Providing peace of mind about future health

Answer

Improving healthcare outcomes

Answer

Reducing healthcare costs

Question 9

What is the primary role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

To transport amino acids to the ribosome

Answer

To synthesize peptide bonds

Answer

To initiate translation

Answer

To terminate translation

Question 10

Which type of mutation can result in a premature stop codon?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Answer

Missense mutation

Answer

Silent mutation

Answer

Frameshift mutation

Question 11

What is the term for a change in a single nucleotide within a DNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

Point mutation

Answer

Large-scale mutation

Answer

Chromosomal mutation

Answer

Gene mutation

Question 12

Which technique is commonly used to analyze the sequence of a DNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

DNA sequencing

Answer

PCR

Answer

Electrophoresis

Answer

Hybridization

Question 13

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil

Answer

Adenine

Answer

Guanine

Answer

Cytosine

Question 14

Which of the following accurately describes DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA replication is a semi-conservative process.

Answer

DNA replication occurs only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Answer

DNA replication is catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil

Answer

Adenine

Answer

Cytosine

Answer

Guanine

Question 16

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing new strands of DNA during replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Helicase

Answer

Ligase

Question 17

What is the function of mRNA in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

To carry genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome

Answer

To store genetic information

Answer

To assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain

Answer

To translate genetic information into protein

Question 18

What is the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

The rules for translating mRNA into protein

Answer

The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA

Answer

The sequence of amino acids in a protein

Answer

The sequence of codons in a gene

Question 19

What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?

Accepted Answer

Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that can become oncogenes through mutation.

Answer

Oncogenes are normal genes that can become proto-oncogenes through mutation.

Answer

Proto-oncogenes are involved in cell growth, while oncogenes are involved in cell death.

Answer

Proto-oncogenes are recessive genes, while oncogenes are dominant genes.

Question 20

In forensic investigations, what ethical consideration is crucial to respect?

Accepted Answer

Individuals have the right to refuse DNA testing.

Answer

DNA testing is only used to convict criminals.

Answer

DNA testing is always accurate and reliable.

Answer

DNA testing can be used to predict future criminal behavior.

Question 21

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

Polymerase

Answer

Ligase

Answer

Primase

Question 22

What is the function of a promoter in a gene?

Accepted Answer

To bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription

Answer

To code for the amino acid sequence of a protein

Answer

To terminate transcription

Answer

To splice out introns

Question 23

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Replication, transcription, translation

Answer

Transcription, translation, replication

Answer

Translation, replication, transcription

Answer

Translation, transcription, replication

Question 24

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

To bind to tRNA and mRNA and assemble amino acids

Answer

To unwind the DNA double helix

Answer

To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds

Answer

To terminate protein synthesis

Question 25

What is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine?

Accepted Answer

Purines have a double ring structure, while pyrimidines have a single ring structure

Answer

Purines have a single ring structure, while pyrimidines have a double ring structure

Answer

Purines contain nitrogen, while pyrimidines contain sulfur

Answer

Pyrimidines contain nitrogen, while purines contain sulfur

Question 26

What is the function of telomeres in eukaryotic chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

To protect the ends of chromosomes from degradation

Answer

To initiate replication

Answer

To code for genes

Answer

To regulate gene expression

Question 27

Compare the structures of DNA and RNA, highlighting their key differences.

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is typically single-stranded.

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.

Accepted Answer

DNA contains thymine, while RNA contains uracil.

Question 28

What is the name of the process by which DNA is copied?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation

Answer

Mutation

Question 29

Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Helicase

Answer

Primase

Question 30

Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Answer

tRNA

Answer

rRNA

Answer

snRNA

Question 31

Which of the following molecules brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Answer

mRNA

Answer

rRNA

Answer

DNA

Question 32

What is the ultimate product of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

A polypeptide

Answer

DNA

Answer

RNA

Answer

A carbohydrate

Question 33

In forensic investigations, how does DNA technology contribute?

Accepted Answer

Identifying individuals using DNA fingerprinting

Accepted Answer

Establishing biological connections through DNA analysis

Accepted Answer

Solving crimes using advanced DNA techniques

Answer

Predicting health risks based on DNA information

Question 34

What is the primary role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

To catalyze the formation of new phosphodiester bonds.

Answer

To unwind the double helix.

Answer

To proofread the newly synthesized strand.

Answer

To break the hydrogen bonds between nucleotides.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a function of RNA?

Accepted Answer

Energy storage

Answer

Protein synthesis

Answer

Gene regulation

Answer

Genetic information transmission

Question 36

How do a codon and an anticodon differ in terms of their function?

Accepted Answer

A codon codes for an amino acid while an anticodon recognizes the codon.

Answer

A codon is found in DNA while an anticodon is found in RNA.

Answer

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides while an anticodon is a sequence of four nucleotides.

Answer

Codons are involved in transcription while anticodons are involved in translation.

Question 37

According to the central dogma in biology, how does genetic information flow?

Accepted Answer

From DNA to RNA to protein

Answer

From protein to RNA to DNA

Answer

From RNA to DNA to protein

Answer

From DNA to protein to RNA

Question 38

Which technique is most commonly used to separate DNA fragments based on their size?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

Polymerase chain reaction

Answer

DNA sequencing

Answer

Southern blotting

Question 39

What is the role of introns within eukaryotic genes?

Accepted Answer

They are removed during mRNA processing through splicing.

Answer

They code for proteins.

Answer

They are essential for gene regulation.

Answer

They contain the promoter regions for gene transcription.

Question 40

Identify the correct sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA.

Accepted Answer

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

Answer

Cytosine, guanine, thymine, adenine

Answer

Thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine

Answer

Guanine, thymine, adenine, cytosine

Question 41

Which enzyme plays a crucial role in unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

Polymerase

Answer

Ligase

Answer

Topoisomerase

Question 42

Describe the function of RNA polymerase in transcription.

Accepted Answer

Synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand using the DNA template

Answer

Unwinds the DNA double helix

Answer

Joins RNA nucleotides

Answer

Terminates transcription

Question 43

Identify the term that describes the process of DNA damage and repair.

Accepted Answer

DNA repair

Answer

Replication

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation

Question 44

Explain the function of DNA methylation.

Accepted Answer

Gene regulation

Answer

DNA repair

Answer

Chromosome condensation

Answer

RNA synthesis

Question 45

What is the technique employed to separate DNA fragments based on their size?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

PCR

Answer

DNA sequencing

Answer

DNA fingerprinting

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid

Answer

Phosphate group

Answer

Deoxyribose sugar

Answer

Nitrogenous base

Question 47

What type of bond links nitrogenous bases to each other in the DNA double helix?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bond

Answer

Ionic bond

Answer

Covalent bond

Answer

Disulfide bond

Question 48

Which enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix during replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

Polymerase

Answer

Ligase

Answer

Topoisomerase

Question 49

Which of the following is a type of mutation that involves adding a nucleotide pair to a DNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

Insertion

Answer

Substitution

Answer

Deletion

Answer

Inversion

Question 50

What is the purpose of introns in eukaryotic genes?

Accepted Answer

To be spliced out during RNA processing

Answer

To code for proteins

Answer

To regulate gene expression

Answer

To protect the DNA from damage

Question 51

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

Polymerase

Answer

Ligase

Answer

Topoisomerase

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a function of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Provides energy for the cell

Answer

Carries genetic information

Answer

Controls cellular activities

Answer

Is essential for protein synthesis

Question 53

What process is DNA copied into mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Answer

Replication

Answer

Translation

Answer

Mutation

Question 54

Which of the following is the process by which DNA is copied?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation

Answer

Mutation

Question 55

Which of the following is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

Accepted Answer

To bind to the promoter region of DNA and synthesize a complementary strand of RNA using the DNA template.

Answer

To join together amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.

Answer

To unwind the DNA double helix.

Answer

To regulate gene expression.

Question 56

Which of the following is the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

A set of rules that determines the order of amino acids in a protein based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

Answer

The sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

Answer

The sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Answer

The sequence of codons in a mRNA molecule.

Question 57

What is the function of introns in a eukaryotic gene?

Accepted Answer

To be spliced out of the mRNA molecule before translation.

Answer

To code for proteins.

Answer

To regulate gene expression.

Answer

To provide structural support to the mRNA molecule.

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT a technique used in genetic engineering?

Accepted Answer

Karyotyping

Answer

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

Restriction enzyme digestion

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using DNA technology in medicine?

Accepted Answer

Cloning humans.

Answer

Diagnosing genetic diseases.

Answer

Developing new treatments for diseases.

Answer

Predicting the risk of developing certain diseases.

Question 60

Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid

Answer

Deoxyribose or ribose sugar

Answer

Phosphate group

Answer

Nitrogenous base

Question 61

What is the complementary base pairing rule for DNA?

Accepted Answer

A pairs with T, and C pairs with G

Answer

A pairs with C, and T pairs with G

Answer

A pairs with G, and T pairs with C

Answer

A pairs with T, and C pairs with A

Question 62

Which enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix during replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

Polymerase

Answer

Primase

Answer

Ligase

Question 63

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

Accepted Answer

To synthesize a complementary mRNA strand using DNA as a template

Answer

To unwind the DNA double helix

Answer

To join RNA nucleotides together

Answer

To proofread and correct errors in the mRNA strand

Question 64

Which of these is not a type of RNA?

Accepted Answer

Microtubular RNA (mtRNA)

Answer

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)