Gene Expression: Learn the Basics of Transcription and Translation

Question 1

Which step is NOT involved in transcription?

Accepted Answer

Proofreading and editing of the RNA molecule

Answer

RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region of DNA

Answer

RNA polymerase separating the DNA strands

Answer

RNA polymerase catalysing the formation of a complementary RNA molecule

Question 2

In transcription, what is the correct sequence of events?

Accepted Answer

DNA → RNA → Protein

Answer

RNA → Protein → DNA

Answer

Protein → DNA → RNA

Question 3

What kicks off transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region.

Answer

mRNA is made.

Answer

The DNA double helix unwinds.

Answer

The ribosome gathers on the mRNA.

Question 4

Which component is not required for the formation of the transcription initiation complex?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Transcription factors

Answer

Promoter

Question 5

Which of the following is the first step in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Answer

Mutation

Answer

Replication

Answer

Translation

Question 6

RNA polymerase binds to which specific region of DNA to initiate transcription?

Accepted Answer

Promoter

Answer

Introns

Answer

Telomere

Answer

Exons

Question 7

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA during transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Helicase

Answer

Ligase

Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 8

What is the fundamental difference between the functions of mRNA and tRNA?

Accepted Answer

mRNA carries genetic information for protein synthesis, while tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome.

Answer

mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus, while tRNA is synthesized in the cytoplasm.

Answer

mRNA is single-stranded, while tRNA is double-stranded.

Question 9

What is the ribosome's function during the process of translation?

Accepted Answer

To assemble a polypeptide chain of amino acids based on the mRNA sequence.

Answer

To unwind DNA

Answer

To synthesize mRNA

Question 10

Which codon marks the initiation of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

AUG

Answer

UAA

Answer

UGA

Answer

UAG

Question 11

What is the tRNA anticodon primarily responsible for?

Accepted Answer

Recognizing and binding to the complementary codon on mRNA.

Answer

Carrying amino acids

Answer

Catalyzing peptide bond formation

Question 12

Which modifications can occur to a newly synthesized polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

Folding, glycosylation, and phosphorylation

Answer

Mutation, deletion, and insertion

Answer

Denaturation, renaturation, and renaturation

Answer

Replication, transcription, and translation

Question 13

What is the ultimate outcome and product of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Protein

Answer

DNA

Answer

RNA

Answer

Glucose

Question 14

Which of these steps is NOT part of the transcription process?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Answer

Initiation

Answer

Elongation

Answer

Termination

Question 15

Which step initiates eukaryotic gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Answer

Splicing

Answer

Translation

Answer

Replication

Question 16

In eukaryotes, where does transcription take place?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus

Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Cytoplasm

Answer

Ribosomes

Question 17

Which enzyme is responsible for initiating transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Polymerase III

Answer

Helicase

Answer

Ligase

Question 18

Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Answer

Nucleus

Answer

Golgi apparatus

Answer

Mitochondria

Question 19

What primary function does the ribosome perform in translation?

Accepted Answer

Catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

Answer

Synthesizes mRNA

Answer

Recognizes and binds tRNA molecules

Question 20

Which of the following describes a post-translational modification?

Accepted Answer

Glycosylation

Answer

Polyadenylation

Answer

Splicing

Answer

Capping

Question 21

What is the primary role of the promoter region in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Binds RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.

Answer

Encodes the protein sequence.

Answer

Undergoes splicing to remove introns.

Question 22

Which of the following processes accurately describes the copying of genetic information from DNA to RNA?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Answer

Replication

Answer

Recombination

Answer

Translation

Question 23

In transcription, what is the primary role of RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

Synthesize RNA molecules complementary to a DNA template strand

Answer

Identify specific gene sequences

Answer

Unwind the DNA double helix

Question 24

Which type of RNA serves as the messenger, carrying genetic information from the nucleus to ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer

MicroRNA (miRNA)

Answer

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 25

What is the primary function of ribosomes during translation?

Accepted Answer

Catalyze the formation of peptide bonds during protein synthesis

Answer

Synthesize DNA from RNA

Answer

Splice RNA transcripts

Question 26

Which sequence of nitrogenous bases correctly codes for the amino acid serine?

Accepted Answer

UCU

Answer

UAG

Answer

ACC

Answer

GGC

Question 27

What term describes the process of reading the genetic code in groups of three nucleotides at a time?

Accepted Answer

Codon reading

Answer

AUG initiation

Answer

Peptide elongation

Answer

Anticodon binding

Question 28

Which factor is not directly involved in regulating gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Temperature

Answer

Transcription factors

Answer

Hormones

Answer

Epigenetic modifications

Question 29

What is the primary role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Regulate gene expression by targeting specific messenger RNAs for degradation or translational repression

Answer

Facilitate RNA splicing

Answer

Enhance transcription initiation

Question 30

Which technique is commonly used to analyze gene expression patterns?

Accepted Answer

Microarray analysis

Answer

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Question 31

What is the specific role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in bacterial gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Facilitate ribosome binding to the mRNA

Answer

Control the rate of translation

Answer

Indicate the start of transcription

Question 32

In eukaryotic cells, where does transcription primarily occur?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus

Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Cytoplasm

Answer

Ribosomes

Question 33

Which nucleotide is NOT found in RNA?

Accepted Answer

Thymine

Answer

Adenine

Answer

Cytosine

Answer

Uracil

Question 34

What is the process by which RNA is synthesized using a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Answer

Mutation

Answer

Replication

Answer

Translation

Question 35

Which region of a gene is responsible for indicating the termination of transcription?

Accepted Answer

Terminator

Answer

Intron

Answer

Promoter

Answer

Exon

Question 36

In eukaryotic cells, where does translation take place?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Nucleus

Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 37

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Transcription, translation, post-translational modifications

Answer

Translation, transcription, post-translational modifications

Answer

Post-translational modifications, translation, transcription

Question 38

What is the primary function of ribosomes in translation?

Accepted Answer

Facilitate the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

Answer

Unwind the DNA double helix

Answer

Transcribe DNA into RNA

Question 39

Define the genetic code.

Accepted Answer

A set of rules that dictate how the sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA is translated into a specific sequence of amino acids in a protein

Answer

A region of DNA that encodes the instructions for making a particular protein

Question 40

Which process involves the synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation

Answer

Replication

Question 41

What is the start codon that signals the initiation of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

AUG

Answer

UGA

Answer

UAG

Question 42

Which component of the protein synthesis machinery is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer

Polymerase

Question 43

What term describes the process by which gene activity is suppressed?

Accepted Answer

Gene silencing

Answer

Gene amplification

Answer

Gene regulation

Answer

Gene mutation

Question 44

Which technology is commonly employed to investigate gene expression patterns?

Accepted Answer

Microarray

Answer

DNA sequencing

Answer

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer

Electrophoresis

Question 45

What happens to introns, non-coding regions within genes, during RNA processing?

Accepted Answer

They are removed.

Answer

They regulate gene expression.

Answer

They contain the start codon.

Answer

They are translated into proteins.

Question 46

If a mutation occurs in a gene encoding a transcription factor, what is a potential consequence?

Accepted Answer

Altered gene expression

Answer

Cancer

Answer

Loss of a limb

Answer

Heart disease