Mendelian Genetics: Learn the Basics of Inheritance

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of a trait influenced by genes located on sex chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Haemophilia

Answer

Height

Answer

Blood type

Answer

Eye colour

Question 2

The probability of inheriting two recessive alleles from parents who are both heterozygous for the trait is:

Accepted Answer

1/16

Answer

1/4

Answer

1/2

Answer

1/8

Question 3

The field of biology that investigates genetic variation within populations is termed:

Accepted Answer

Population genetics

Answer

Molecular genetics

Answer

Cytogenetics

Answer

Biotechnology

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental principle of Mendelian genetics?

Accepted Answer

The principle of incomplete dominance

Answer

The law of segregation

Answer

The law of independent assortment

Answer

The principle of dominance

Question 5

Which of the following is the Law of Mendelian genetics that states that alleles for different genes assort independently during gamete formation?

Accepted Answer

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer

Law of Segregation

Answer

Law of Dominance

Question 6

In a heterozygous individual, what is the probability of inheriting one dominant and one recessive allele?

Accepted Answer

0.5

Answer

0

Answer

0.25

Answer

1

Question 7

Which of the following genotypes represents a homozygous recessive individual?

Accepted Answer

aa

Answer

AA

Answer

Aa

Question 8

What is the term for a trait that expresses itself in the phenotype even when only one copy is present?

Accepted Answer

Dominant

Answer

Recessive

Answer

Codominant

Question 9

Which of the following is a tool used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring from a particular mating?

Accepted Answer

Punnett square

Answer

Karyotype

Answer

Pedigree

Question 10

What is the probability of obtaining a heterozygous genotype from two heterozygous parents?

Accepted Answer

0.5

Answer

0

Answer

0.25

Answer

1

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of codominance?

Accepted Answer

AB blood type

Answer

Red and white flowers

Answer

Blue and yellow eyes

Question 12

What is the term for the observable expression of an organism's genotype?

Accepted Answer

Phenotype

Answer

Gene

Answer

Genotype

Question 13

Which of the following is the unit of heredity and is composed of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Gene

Answer

Allele

Answer

Nucleotide

Question 14

What is the term for the process by which homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis I?

Accepted Answer

Segregation

Answer

Fertilization

Answer

Assortment

Answer

Recombination

Question 15

In a cross between two heterozygous individuals, what is the probability of obtaining offspring with a homozygous recessive genotype?

Accepted Answer

25%

Answer

0%

Answer

50%

Answer

100%

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT one of the fundamental laws of Mendelian genetics?

Accepted Answer

Law of Incomplete Dominance

Answer

Law of Segregation

Answer

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer

Law of Dominance

Question 17

A gene that exists in multiple allelic forms is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Polymorphic

Answer

Codominant

Answer

Pleiotropic

Answer

Epistatic

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a test cross?

Accepted Answer

It can be used to determine the genotypes of both parents.

Answer

One parent is homozygous recessive.

Answer

The other parent is heterozygous.

Answer

The offspring genotypes reveal the genotype of the heterozygous parent.

Question 19

What is the expected genotypic ratio in the offspring of a cross between two individuals heterozygous for a single gene?

Accepted Answer

1:2:1

Answer

1:1

Answer

3:1

Answer

9:3:3:1

Question 20

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

Red and white flowers producing pink flowers

Answer

Brown eyes and blue eyes producing only brown eyes

Answer

Black fur and white fur producing only black fur

Answer

Round seeds and wrinkled seeds producing only round seeds

Question 21

What is the term for an individual that carries two different alleles for a particular gene?

Accepted Answer

Heterozygous

Answer

Homozygous

Answer

Recessive

Answer

Dominant

Question 22

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles?

Accepted Answer

Dominant alleles are expressed in both homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, while recessive alleles are expressed only in homozygous genotypes.

Answer

Dominant alleles are expressed only in homozygous genotypes, while recessive alleles are expressed in both homozygous and heterozygous genotypes.

Answer

Dominant alleles are always beneficial, while recessive alleles are always harmful.

Answer

Dominant alleles are expressed more frequently than recessive alleles, regardless of genotype.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT one of Mendel's Laws of Inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Law of Co-dominance

Answer

Law of Segregation

Answer

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer

Law of Dominance

Question 24

A genetic disorder is caused by a recessive allele. Unaffected parents, each carrying the recessive allele, have a probability of _____ that their child will be affected.

Accepted Answer

25%

Answer

0%

Answer

50%

Answer

100%

Question 25

Which technique separates DNA fragments based on size?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Answer

DNA sequencing

Answer

Restriction enzyme digestion

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental principle of Mendelian genetics?

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary adaptation

Answer

Dominant and recessive alleles

Answer

Genotypes and phenotypes

Answer

Laws of segregation and independent assortment

Question 27

If a heterozygous individual possesses one dominant allele and one recessive allele for a trait, what is the probability of passing on the dominant allele to their offspring?

Accepted Answer

50%

Answer

0%

Answer

25%

Answer

75%

Question 28

Which law in Mendelian genetics describes the independent segregation of alleles during gamete formation?

Accepted Answer

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer

Law of Segregation

Answer

Law of Dominance

Answer

Law of Recessiveness

Question 29

An individual that carries two different alleles for a particular gene is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Heterozygous

Answer

Homozygous

Answer

Recessive

Answer

Dominant

Question 30

Mendel's law that explains the independent assortment of alleles for different genes during gamete formation is called the:

Accepted Answer

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer

Law of Segregation

Answer

Law of Dominance

Answer

Law of Probability

Question 31

In a standard dihybrid cross, the expected phenotypic ratio is:

Accepted Answer

9:3:3:1

Answer

3:1

Answer

1:2:1

Answer

1:1:1:1

Question 32

An example of a sex-linked trait is:

Accepted Answer

Hemophilia

Answer

Red hair

Answer

Blue eyes

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Question 33

The primary purpose of a test cross is to:

Accepted Answer

Determine the genotype of an individual

Answer

Create a new genetic line

Answer

Study the inheritance of multiple traits

Answer

Identify mutations

Question 34

In incomplete dominance, a variation from typical Mendelian inheritance, what is observed?

Accepted Answer

The heterozygous genotype shows a phenotype that is a blend of both alleles.

Answer

One allele is dominant over the other.

Answer

The genotype does not affect the phenotype.

Answer

The dominant allele is always expressed in the phenotype.

Question 35

How did Gregor Mendel conduct his groundbreaking experiments on pea plants?

Accepted Answer

Controlled cross-pollination and statistical analysis

Answer

Microscopy and genetic mapping

Answer

Natural selection and adaptation

Answer

Biochemical analysis of DNA

Question 36

Which concept is not directly related to the core principles of Mendelian Genetics?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection

Answer

Inheritance patterns of traits

Answer

Genetic variation

Answer

Genotypes and phenotypes

Question 37

What is the genotype for an individual with pure dominant alleles for two genes?

Accepted Answer

AA BB

Answer

Aa BB

Answer

aa bb

Answer

Aa Bb

Question 38

In a monohybrid cross between a homozygous dominant parent and a homozygous recessive parent, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the F1 generation?

Accepted Answer

100% dominant phenotype

Answer

75% dominant : 25% recessive

Answer

25% dominant : 75% recessive

Answer

50% dominant : 50% recessive

Question 39

Which statement best describes the law of segregation?

Accepted Answer

Each gamete receives only one allele for each gene during gamete formation.

Answer

Genes for different traits are independently inherited.

Answer

Alleles for a gene combine during fertilization to form a zygote.

Question 40

If a Punnett square shows a 3:1 phenotypic ratio, what is the expected genotypic ratio?

Accepted Answer

1 homozygous dominant : 2 heterozygous : 1 homozygous recessive

Answer

1:1

Answer

3:1

Answer

9:3:3:1

Question 41

Which trait is an example of a sex-linked trait?

Accepted Answer

Color blindness

Answer

Blood type

Answer

Eye color

Answer

Height

Question 42

What term describes an individual that has two different alleles for a gene but expresses only one allele?

Accepted Answer

Heterozygous

Answer

Homozygous dominant

Answer

Homozygous recessive

Question 43

What is the fundamental difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

In codominance, both alleles are fully expressed, while in incomplete dominance, neither allele is fully dominant and an intermediate phenotype is produced.

Answer

Codominance involves only dominant alleles, while incomplete dominance involves only recessive alleles.

Question 44

Which of the following genotypes represents a homozygous dominant genotype?

Accepted Answer

AA

Answer

aa

Answer

Aa

Answer

aA

Question 45

In a cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa), what is the probability of getting an offspring with the homozygous recessive genotype (aa)?

Accepted Answer

0.25

Answer

0.5

Answer

0.75

Question 46

Which law of Mendelian genetics states that alleles for different genes segregate independently during gamete formation?

Accepted Answer

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer

Law of Dominance

Answer

Law of Probability

Answer

Law of Segregation

Question 47

In a cross between a homozygous dominant individual (AA) and a homozygous recessive individual (aa), what will be the genotype of all offspring?

Accepted Answer

Aa

Answer

aa

Answer

AA

Answer

aA or aa

Question 48

Which of the following is a technique commonly used to study inheritance patterns in humans?

Accepted Answer

Pedigree analysis

Answer

DNA sequencing

Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

Karyotyping

Question 49

The process by which genetic information is passed down from one generation to the next is known as:

Accepted Answer

Inheritance

Answer

Mutation

Answer

Adaptation

Answer

Recombination