Cognitive Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain's Role in Cognition

Question 1

The Stroop effect demonstrates:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive interference

Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Working memory capacity

Answer

Mind wandering

Question 2

The default mode network is most active when the brain is:

Accepted Answer

In a resting state

Answer

Engaged in complex cognitive tasks

Answer

Processing emotional stimuli

Answer

Retrieving memories

Question 3

Which disorder is characterized by difficulties in executive functions such as planning and decision-making?

Accepted Answer

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer

Schizophrenia

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Question 4

Which neuroimaging technique measures changes in blood flow to specific brain areas during task performance?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT considered a cognitive process typically studied in cognitive neuroscience?

Accepted Answer

Respiration

Answer

Perception

Answer

Motor control

Answer

Decision-making

Question 6

Which brain region is involved in executive function?

Accepted Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Sensory cortex

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Question 7

Which brainwave pattern is predominantly associated with deep sleep?

Accepted Answer

Delta

Answer

Alpha

Answer

Beta

Answer

Theta

Question 8

What is the primary purpose of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

Accepted Answer

Stimulating specific brain areas

Answer

Measuring brain activity

Answer

Treating psychiatric disorders

Answer

Improving memory function

Question 9

According to the theory of embodied cognition, cognitive processes are:

Accepted Answer

Influenced by bodily experiences

Answer

Independent of physical sensations

Answer

Determined solely by brain mechanisms

Answer

Unrelated to emotions

Question 10

Which type of memory involves consciously recalling personal experiences?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Working memory

Question 11

Research on attention suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Attentional resources are finite and can be depleted

Answer

We can only focus on multiple things simultaneously

Answer

Our attention is predominantly passive and involuntary

Answer

Attention is unrelated to higher-level cognitive processes

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect the reliability of fMRI measurements?

Accepted Answer

Participant's mood

Answer

Head movement

Answer

Magnetic field strength

Answer

Type of task being performed

Question 13

In which phase of memory consolidation does the hippocampus play a crucial role?

Accepted Answer

Consolidation

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Decay

Question 14

Which of these actions relies most heavily on unconscious memory?

Accepted Answer

Riding a bicycle

Accepted Answer

Tying a shoelace

Answer

Remembering a phone number

Answer

Recalling a historical event

Question 15

Which neuroimaging technique, with high temporal resolution, allows for precise localization of brain activity?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 16

Which brain structure plays a central role in the encoding of new episodic memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 17

Distinguish explicit from implicit memory by selecting the most accurate statement:

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory involves conscious recollection, while implicit memory involves unconscious retrieval.

Answer

Implicit memory involves conscious recollection, while explicit memory involves unconscious retrieval.

Answer

Both forms of memory involve conscious recollection.

Answer

Both forms of memory involve unconscious retrieval.

Question 18

In most individuals, language processing is primarily associated with which brain hemisphere?

Accepted Answer

Left hemisphere

Answer

Right hemisphere

Answer

Both hemispheres equally

Answer

It depends on the language being used.

Question 19

Within language processing, Wernicke's area is responsible for which primary function?

Accepted Answer

Language comprehension

Answer

Language production

Answer

Synaptic plasticity

Answer

Motor control

Question 20

Which cognitive neuroscience technique records electrical activity directly from neurons?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

Question 21

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with attention, arousal, and reward?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Question 22

Which brain imaging method provides real-time monitoring of brain activity and is commonly used in cognitive neuroscience research?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan

Answer

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Question 23

Which brain region is predominantly responsible for processing language, including comprehension and production?

Accepted Answer

Temporal lobe

Answer

Parietal lobe

Answer

Frontal lobe

Answer

Occipital lobe

Question 24

What is the name of the process by which the brain's response to a repeated stimulus gradually decreases?

Accepted Answer

Habituation

Answer

Sensitization

Answer

Priming

Answer

Long-term potentiation

Question 25

Which region of the prefrontal cortex is most closely linked to higher-order cognitive functions such as planning and decision-making?

Accepted Answer

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Answer

Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Answer

Medial prefrontal cortex

Answer

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 26

Which neurotransmitter is predominantly affected in Parkinson's disease, leading to characteristic motor symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Glutamate

Answer

GABA

Question 27

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for coordinating and executing movement?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Basal ganglia

Answer

Somatosensory cortex

Answer

Motor cortex

Question 28

Which brain imaging technique measures the electrical activity of the brain, allowing for the study of brain oscillations and changes over time?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan

Answer

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Question 29

Which neurotransmitter is primarily released at the synapse during long-term potentiation?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 30

Which of the following cognitive functions is principally associated with the parietal lobe?

Accepted Answer

Spatial perception

Answer

Attention

Answer

Language comprehension

Answer

Working memory

Question 31

According to the dual-process theory of reasoning, which system operates rapidly and subconsciously?

Accepted Answer

System 1

Answer

System 2

Answer

Implicit memory

Answer

Explicit memory

Question 32

Which brain imaging technique allows researchers to observe changes in neural activity in real time with high spatial resolution?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 33

What is the primary purpose of the default mode network?

Accepted Answer

To engage in self-referential thinking

Answer

To support attentional processes

Answer

To process external stimuli

Answer

To control motor functions

Question 34

Which experimental design is most suitable for investigating the causal relationship between variables in cognitive neuroscience?

Accepted Answer

Experimental study

Answer

Cross-sectional study

Answer

Longitudinal study

Answer

Correlational study

Question 35

What is the key difference between explicit and implicit memory?

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory involves conscious recollection, whereas implicit memory does not.

Answer

Implicit memory involves conscious recollection, whereas explicit memory does not.

Answer

Explicit memory is affected by aging, whereas implicit memory is not.

Answer

Implicit memory is affected by aging, whereas explicit memory is not.

Question 36

Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for the production of speech?

Accepted Answer

Broca's area

Answer

Wernicke's area

Answer

Superior temporal gyrus

Answer

Inferior frontal gyrus

Question 37

What is the primary role of the thalamus in cognitive processes?

Accepted Answer

Relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex

Answer

Controlling motor movements

Answer

Processing emotional responses

Answer

Storing long-term memories

Question 38

Which region of the brain is most critical for the formation of new long-term memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 39

Which area of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?

Accepted Answer

Visual cortex

Answer

Auditory cortex

Answer

Somatosensory cortex

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Question 40

What is the term for the aspect of cognition that allows individuals to control their thoughts and actions consciously?

Accepted Answer

Executive function

Answer

Attention

Answer

Memory

Answer

Perception

Question 41

What is the name for the temporary storage of small amounts of information in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Working memory

Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Declarative memory

Question 42

Which brain imaging technique utilizes magnetic fields to generate detailed images of brain structures?

Accepted Answer

MRI

Answer

fMRI

Answer

PET

Answer

EEG

Question 43

Which of the following is not classified as a type of cognitive bias?

Accepted Answer

Cognition

Answer

Confirmation bias

Answer

Availability heuristic

Answer

Framing effect

Question 44

What is the term for the process by which the brain creates an association between two or more stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Conditioning

Answer

Reinforcement

Answer

Cognition

Answer

Perception

Question 45

Attentional bias refers to:

Accepted Answer

The selective prioritization of certain stimuli for processing.

Answer

The inability to focus on relevant information while ignoring distractions.

Answer

The reduced processing of novel and unexpected stimuli.

Answer

The sustained maintenance of attention over extended periods.

Question 46

Which neurotransmitter plays a critical role in reward and motivation?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Noradrenaline

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 47

Electroencephalography (EEG) is primarily used to measure:

Accepted Answer

Patterns of electrical activity in the brain.

Answer

Hormonal levels.

Answer

Neurotransmitter release.

Answer

Blood flow in the brain.

Question 48

Which brain network is active during periods of rest or mind-wandering?

Accepted Answer

The default mode network.

Answer

The executive control network.

Answer

The salience network.

Answer

The language network.

Question 49

Language processing primarily occurs in which hemisphere of the brain?

Accepted Answer

Left hemisphere.

Answer

Right hemisphere.

Answer

Frontal lobe.

Answer

Occipital lobe.

Question 50

Which brain area is involved in combining information from different senses?

Accepted Answer

Parietal lobe.

Answer

Temporal lobe.

Answer

Cerebellum.

Answer

Hypothalamus.

Question 51

What is the primary advantage of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?

Accepted Answer

Real-time measurement of brain activity.

Answer

Detection of structural brain abnormalities.

Answer

Monitoring of neurotransmitter levels.

Answer

Study of brain connectivity patterns.

Question 52

Sustained attention, the ability to focus on specific information or stimuli over time, is primarily attributed to which neurotransmitter?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 53

Broca's area, a specific region within the brain, is primarily involved in:

Accepted Answer

Production of speech

Answer

Comprehension of language

Answer

Understanding of grammar

Answer

Semantic processing of words

Question 54

Which brain imaging technique utilizes changes in blood flow to provide detailed and localized information about brain activity?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 55

The primary function of efferent neurons is to:

Accepted Answer

Transmit electrical signals from the brain to muscles and glands

Answer

Carry signals from sensory receptors to the brain

Answer

Process information within the brain

Answer

Provide structural support for the nervous system

Question 56

Synaptic plasticity refers to the dynamic process by which:

Accepted Answer

The brain's structure and function change in response to experience

Answer

New neurons are generated in the brain

Answer

Memories are encoded and stored in the brain

Answer

The nervous system adapts to injury or disease

Question 57

Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

Accepted Answer

Occipital lobe

Answer

Frontal lobe

Answer

Parietal lobe

Answer

Temporal lobe

Question 58

Which neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Answer

Huntington's disease

Answer

Multiple sclerosis