Cell Signaling: Master Cell Communication in Biology for Year 13

Question 1

Which of the following hormones **is also** a neurotransmitter?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Testosterone

Answer

Progesterone

Question 2

Which of the following is **not** a function of G proteins?

Accepted Answer

Gene expression

Answer

Activation of adenylate cyclase

Answer

Inhibition of phospholipase C

Answer

Opening of ion channels

Question 3

Which enzyme breaks down cAMP, ending its signaling effects?

Accepted Answer

Phosphodiesterase

Answer

Adenylyl cyclase

Answer

Phospholipase C

Answer

Guanylyl cyclase

Question 4

Which cell surface receptor can form dimers and phosphorylate itself?

Accepted Answer

Epidermal growth factor receptor

Answer

Insulin receptor

Answer

Glucocorticoid receptor

Answer

Estrogen receptor

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

When cortisol binds to its receptor, it suppresses the immune response

Answer

When insulin binds to its receptor, it stimulates glucose uptake into cells

Answer

When adrenaline binds to its receptor, it increases heart rate

Answer

When growth hormone binds to its receptor, it stimulates bone growth

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT considered a type of cell signaling pathway?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Answer

Hormonal

Answer

Paracrine

Answer

Autocrine

Question 7

What is the purpose of negative feedback inhibition in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

To reduce the strength of a signal

Answer

To amplify a signal

Answer

To initiate a new signal

Answer

To halt a signal

Question 8

Which of the following is classified as a second messenger?

Accepted Answer

Cyclic AMP

Answer

Adenylate cyclase

Answer

Insulin

Answer

G-protein

Question 9

Which of the following options correctly identifies an advantage associated with hormonal signaling over non-hormonal signaling?

Accepted Answer

Range of action

Answer

Specificity

Answer

Speed

Answer

Versatility

Question 10

What is the main purpose of signal transduction?

Accepted Answer

To translate extracellular signals into cellular responses

Answer

To amplify the signal

Answer

To terminate the signal

Answer

To regulate gene expression

Question 11

Which second messenger is involved in the activation of protein kinase A?

Accepted Answer

Cyclic AMP

Answer

Diacylglycerol

Answer

Inositol triphosphate

Answer

Calcium ions

Question 12

What is the primary role of GTP-binding proteins in signal transduction?

Accepted Answer

Relay signals from receptors to effectors

Answer

Activate second messengers

Answer

Modify target proteins

Answer

Transport molecules across the membrane

Question 13

Which hormone plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Growth hormone

Answer

Thyroid hormone

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 14

What is the primary role of negative feedback in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

To prevent excessive responses to signals

Answer

To amplify signals

Answer

To ensure rapid responses to signals

Answer

To maintain homeostasis

Question 15

Which molecule functions as a second messenger in cell signaling?:

Accepted Answer

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

Answer

Protein kinase

Answer

Receptor tyrosine kinase

Answer

Transcription factor

Question 16

Identify an example of a negative feedback loop in biological systems:

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin

Answer

Adrenaline release during the fight-or-flight response

Answer

Estrogen regulation of the menstrual cycle

Answer

Uncontrolled growth of cancer cells

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of protein kinases in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

Binding to DNA

Answer

Phosphorylation of other proteins

Answer

Activation of transcription factors

Answer

Hydrolysis of ATP

Question 18

A mutation in a G protein that prevents its interaction with the effector molecule will result in:

Accepted Answer

Reduced signaling

Answer

Increased signaling

Answer

No change in signaling

Answer

Activation of the wrong pathway

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a type of cell signaling molecule?

Accepted Answer

Antibody

Answer

Hormone

Answer

Cytokine

Answer

Neurotransmitter

Question 20

What is the primary function of a cell surface receptor?

Accepted Answer

To bind to a specific signaling molecule

Answer

To activate a signal transduction pathway

Answer

To transport substances across the cell membrane

Answer

To generate a second messenger

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)?

Accepted Answer

Adrenergic receptor

Answer

Ligand-gated ion channel

Answer

Insulin receptor

Answer

Steroid receptor

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a step in the typical signal transduction pathway?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Answer

Protein phosphorylation

Answer

Receptor binding

Answer

Second messenger generation

Question 23

Which of the following is a common mechanism of signal termination?

Accepted Answer

Receptor degradation

Answer

Second messenger activation

Answer

Ligand binding

Answer

Receptor phosphorylation

Question 24

What is the role of protein kinases in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

To add phosphate groups to specific proteins

Answer

To remove phosphate groups from specific proteins

Answer

To generate second messengers

Answer

To bind to specific receptors on the cell surface

Question 25

What is the purpose of cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

To coordinate cellular activities and maintain homeostasis

Answer

To store and retrieve genetic information

Answer

To synthesize new proteins

Answer

To provide energy to the cell

Question 26

What is the primary function of cell surface receptors?

Accepted Answer

To receive signals from outside the cell and convert them into intracellular signals.

Answer

To produce hormones.

Answer

To transport molecules across the cell membrane.

Answer

To store genetic information.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT considered a second messenger in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

Answer

Diacylglycerol (DAG)

Answer

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of a GTP-binding protein involved in signal transduction?

Accepted Answer

Gs protein

Answer

Protein kinase A

Answer

Adenylate cyclase

Answer

Insulin receptor

Question 29

Which of the following is a common mechanism used in signal transduction pathways?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylation

Answer

Translation

Answer

Transcription

Answer

DNA replication

Question 30

What is a key outcome of the phospholipase C signaling pathway?

Accepted Answer

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC)

Answer

Uptake of glucose into cells.

Answer

Inhibition of adenylate cyclase.

Answer

Stimulation of glycogen synthase.

Question 31

Which of the following techniques is commonly used to study the proteins involved in cell signaling pathways?

Accepted Answer

Western blotting

Answer

Microscopy

Answer

Electrophoresis

Answer

PCR