Infectious Diseases: Causes, Transmission, Treatment, and Immune Response

Question 1

Which factors influence the transmission of infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

Mode of transmission, virulence of the pathogen, and environmental factors

Answer

Virulence of the pathogen and immune status of the host

Answer

Mode of transmission and environmental factors

Answer

Immune status of the host and virulence of the pathogen

Question 2

How do macrophages contribute to the immune response? Describe their role in phagocytosis and antigen presentation.

Accepted Answer

Macrophages engulf pathogens and display antigens on their surface, triggering an adaptive immune response.

Answer

Macrophages release cytokines that activate other immune cells, but do not engulf pathogens.

Answer

Macrophages produce antibodies that target and neutralize specific pathogens.

Answer

Macrophages are only found in the bloodstream and do not enter tissues to fight infection.

Question 3

How do host factors influence the severity and progression of infectious diseases? Provide specific examples to illustrate your answer.

Accepted Answer

Host factors significantly influence disease severity and progression by affecting immune response, pathogen clearance, and tissue damage.

Answer

Host factors have a negligible impact on disease severity, as pathogen virulence is the primary determinant.

Answer

Host factors only affect disease progression in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Answer

Host factors have no influence on disease progression, as pathogens have evolved to overcome all host defenses.

Question 4

How does penicillin, a widely used antibiotic, inhibit bacterial growth?

Accepted Answer

By blocking the synthesis of essential bacterial cell wall components

Answer

By disrupting the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane

Answer

By blocking bacterial ribosomes

Answer

By inhibiting bacterial DNA replication

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism employed by the innate immune system to detect and respond to pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Antibody production

Answer

Phagocytosis

Answer

Inflammation

Answer

Complement activation

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a key factor that influences the spread and severity of infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

Level of education

Answer

Access to healthcare

Answer

Living conditions

Answer

Financial resources

Question 7

Which factors play a role in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotic use, microbial adaptation, and healthcare practices

Answer

Antibiotic use only

Answer

Microbial adaptation only

Answer

Healthcare practices only

Question 8

Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

Caused by the presence of pathogens

Answer

Always preventable through vaccination

Answer

Not transmissible from one individual to another

Answer

Exclusively fatal

Question 9

Which pathway is the primary transmission route for respiratory infections?

Accepted Answer

Inhalation of droplets in the air

Answer

Contact with contaminated surfaces

Answer

Ingestion of contaminated food or water

Answer

Bite from an infected vector

Question 10

What is the primary function of phagocytic cells within the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Engulfment and destruction of pathogens

Answer

Antibody production

Answer

Inflammation via cytokine release

Answer

Activation of complement proteins

Question 11

What does the term 'herd immunity' refer to in public health?

Accepted Answer

Protection of a population against a disease through widespread vaccination

Answer

Resistance of a pathogen to antimicrobial drugs

Answer

Innate immunity of individuals without prior exposure

Answer

Cross-protection against varying strains of the same pathogen

Question 12

What is the definition of the incubation period in infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

Interval between exposure and symptom onset

Answer

Interval between symptom onset and recovery

Answer

Interval between recovery and development of immunity

Answer

Interval between immunity and reinfection

Question 13

Which disease is an example of a zoonosis?

Accepted Answer

Rabies

Answer

Influenza

Answer

Malaria

Answer

Tetanus

Question 14

What is the primary purpose of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in infectious disease diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Amplification of specific DNA sequences

Answer

Detection of antibodies in blood samples

Answer

Visualization of pathogens under a microscope

Answer

Measurement of viral infectivity

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a recognized mode of transmission for infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

Telepathic communication

Answer

Contact with contaminated surfaces

Answer

Airborne transmission

Answer

Fecal-oral route

Question 16

Which mechanism do pathogens employ to invade host cells?

Accepted Answer

Adhesion

Answer

Production of toxins

Answer

Display of antigens

Answer

Secretion of enzymes

Question 17

What is the primary objective of the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Detection and elimination of pathogens

Answer

Regulation of body temperature

Answer

Hormone production

Answer

Digestion of food

Question 18

Which type of immunity involves the production of antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity

Answer

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer

Innate immunity

Answer

Passive immunity

Question 19

Which of the following is a common treatment for bacterial infections?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics

Answer

Antivirals

Answer

Antifungals

Answer

Antiprotozoals

Question 20

What is the primary role of epidemiology in managing infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

Studying the distribution and patterns of diseases

Answer

Developing new treatments for diseases

Answer

Educating the public about diseases

Answer

Enforcing laws related to diseases

Question 21

Which of the following is not a recognized mode of transmission for infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

Genetic inheritance

Answer

Airborne transmission

Answer

Waterborne transmission

Answer

Contact transmission

Question 22

The primary function of the immune system is to:

Accepted Answer

Generate antibodies to fight infections

Answer

Break down food for energy

Answer

Transport oxygen throughout the body

Answer

Regulate body temperature

Question 23

Which of the following characteristics is unique to bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells

Answer

Eukaryotic cells

Answer

Presence of a nucleus

Answer

Ability to cause viral infections

Question 24

The process by which pathogens enter and damage host cells is称为:

Accepted Answer

Pathogenesis

Answer

Immunology

Answer

Epidemiology

Answer

Virology

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Receiving antibodies through breast milk

Answer

Receiving a vaccination

Answer

Developing immunity after exposure to a pathogen

Answer

Gaining immunity through a previous infection

Question 26

The incubation period of an infectious disease refers to:

Accepted Answer

The time between infection and the appearance of symptoms

Answer

The time between recovery and the development of immunity

Answer

The time between exposure to the pathogen and infection

Answer

The time between infection and death

Question 27

Which of the following viral infections is typically characterized by a distinctive rash?

Accepted Answer

Measles

Answer

Influenza

Answer

Tuberculosis

Answer

Malaria

Question 28

Epidemiology refers to the study of:

Accepted Answer

The spread and patterns of infectious diseases

Answer

The types of microorganisms that cause diseases

Answer

The immune system's response to infections

Answer

The treatment of infectious diseases

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT an infectious agent?

Accepted Answer

Allergic reaction

Answer

Bacteria

Answer

Virus

Answer

Fungi

Question 30

The incubation period of a disease refers to the time between:

Accepted Answer

Initial infection and the first symptom's appearance

Answer

First symptom's appearance and full recovery

Answer

Exposure to the pathogen and initial infection

Answer

Full recovery and development of immunity

Question 31

Droplet transmission is a common mode of transmission for which type of infection?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory infections

Answer

Skin infections

Answer

Urinary Tract Infections

Answer

Bloodstream infections

Question 32

Which type of immune response involves the production of specialized proteins to neutralize pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity

Answer

Innate immunity

Answer

Adaptive immunity

Answer

Cell-mediated immunity

Question 33

One of the primary characteristics of antibiotic resistance is:

Accepted Answer

It can develop over time due to natural selection

Answer

It can be easily reversed by increasing the dose of the antibiotic

Answer

It only affects specific types of antibiotics

Answer

It is always caused by overuse of antibiotics

Question 34

What is the main purpose of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

To identify and eliminate pathogens

Answer

To maintain the body's internal balance

Answer

To repair damaged tissues

Answer

To regulate body temperature

Question 35

The term for an individual who carries a pathogen without showing symptoms is:

Accepted Answer

Carrier

Answer

Host

Answer

Vector

Answer

Reservoir

Question 36

Describe the fundamental difference between sterilization and disinfection.

Accepted Answer

Sterilization completely eliminates all microorganisms, while disinfection significantly reduces their number to a safe level.

Answer

Disinfection completely eliminates all microorganisms, while sterilization substantially reduces their number to a safe level.

Answer

Sterilization and disinfection are identical processes.

Answer

Disinfection employs chemicals, whereas sterilization utilizes physical methods.

Question 37

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of a viral infection?

Accepted Answer

Replication utilizing the host cell's machinery

Answer

Possession of a cell wall

Answer

Susceptibility to treatment with antibiotics

Answer

Tendency to cause long-term, chronic infections

Question 38

Explain the fundamental role of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases.

Accepted Answer

They stimulate the body to produce its own antibodies

Answer

They confer passive immunity by directly providing antibodies

Answer

They directly kill infectious agents

Answer

They physically block the spread of infection from one individual to another

Question 39

Which of the following is a viral infectious disease that primarily affects the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Influenza, a common respiratory illness that can cause fever, cough, and body aches.

Answer

Pneumonia, a lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

Answer

Meningitis, an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Answer

Malaria, a parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes.

Question 40

Which of the following is a fungal infectious disease that can affect the nails and skin?

Accepted Answer

Candida albicans, a fungus that can cause yeast infections, including oral thrush and vaginal yeast infections.

Answer

Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus that can cause lung infections, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Answer

Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungus that can cause infections in the brain and lungs.

Answer

Histoplasma capsulatum, a fungus that can cause respiratory infections, ranging from mild to severe.

Question 41

Which of the following is the parasitic protozoan that causes malaria?

Accepted Answer

Plasmodium falciparum

Answer

Trypanosoma cruzi

Answer

Toxoplasma gondii

Answer

Leishmania donovani

Question 42

Which type of immune response involves the production of antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity

Answer

Innate immunity

Answer

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer

Adaptive immunity

Question 43

Which antibiotic is effective in treating infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin

Answer

Tetracycline

Answer

Erythromycin

Answer

Streptomycin

Question 44

Which of the following is an example of passive immunization?

Accepted Answer

Administration of antibodies

Answer

Vaccination

Answer

Immunosuppression

Answer

Blood transfusion

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission for infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

Genetic inheritance

Answer

Direct contact

Answer

Airborne transmission

Answer

Vector-borne transmission

Question 46

The immune response involves the production of:

Accepted Answer

Antibodies

Answer

Antigens

Answer

Toxins

Answer

Interferons

Question 47

Which of the following is a characteristic of a pathogen?

Accepted Answer

Ability to invade and cause disease

Answer

Non-living entity

Answer

Beneficial to the host

Answer

Present in all healthy individuals

Question 48

The incubation period of an infectious disease refers to the:

Accepted Answer

Time between infection and symptom onset

Answer

Time between symptom onset and recovery

Answer

Time between exposure to infection

Answer

Time between recovery and immunity

Question 49

The use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Antimicrobial therapy

Answer

Immunotherapy

Answer

Antiviral therapy

Answer

Virotherapy

Question 50

Which type of immunity is acquired through exposure to a pathogen or vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity

Answer

Innate immunity

Answer

Humoral immunity

Answer

Phagocytic immunity

Question 51

Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease?

Accepted Answer

Ebola virus disease

Answer

Influenza

Answer

Chickenpox

Answer

Measles

Question 52

Herd immunity refers to:

Accepted Answer

The protection of a population when a large proportion of individuals are immune.

Answer

The immunity acquired by an individual after vaccination.

Answer

The natural immunity possessed by all healthy individuals.

Answer

The immunity provided by antibodies in breast milk.

Question 53

Which of the following is a type of passive immunity obtained through the mother?

Accepted Answer

Maternal antibodies

Answer

Antibodies produced by the body after vaccination

Answer

Antibodies produced by the body after infection

Answer

Antibodies derived from animal serum

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a route of pathogen entry into the body?

Accepted Answer

Genetic inheritance

Answer

Direct contact

Answer

Ingestion

Answer

Inhalation

Question 55

Which of the following is a common antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Ciprofloxacin

Answer

Amoxicillin

Answer

Paracetamol

Answer

Aspirin

Question 56

Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for antibody production?

Accepted Answer

B lymphocyte

Answer

Macrophage

Answer

Neutrophil

Answer

T lymphocyte

Question 57

Which of the following statements accurately describes the immune system?

Accepted Answer

It consists of both non-specific and specific components to combat various threats

Answer

It protects against all types of pathogens, regardless of their nature

Answer

It is fully developed and fully functional at birth

Answer

It never overreacts or causes harm to the host

Question 58

Which of the following pathways is NOT a way in which pathogens can gain entry into the human body?

Accepted Answer

Direct teleportation into the bloodstream

Answer

Through breaks in the skin

Answer

Inhalation

Answer

Ingestion

Question 59

Which immune response is considered innate, providing a non-specific defense against infection?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis of invading microorganisms

Answer

Production of antibodies against specific pathogens

Answer

Vaccination-induced immunity

Answer

Activation of memory cells

Question 60

Which characteristic is typically associated with viral diseases?

Accepted Answer

Viral diseases often exhibit a brief incubation period prior to symptom onset.

Answer

Viral diseases exclusively respond to treatment with antibiotics.

Answer

Viral diseases are universally fatal once contracted.

Answer

Viral diseases are caused by bacterial pathogens.

Question 61

Which mechanism of action is NOT employed by antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

Bolstering the host immune response

Answer

Preventing bacterial cell wall synthesis

Answer

Interfering with bacterial protein synthesis

Answer

Damaging bacterial DNA

Question 62

Which of the following diseases is transmitted by a vector?

Accepted Answer

Malaria

Answer

Influenza

Answer

Pneumonia

Answer

Tuberculosis

Question 63

Which of the following is a rapidly emerging infectious disease that has recently caused a global pandemic?

Accepted Answer

COVID-19

Answer

HIV/AIDS

Answer

Smallpox

Answer

Polio

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a common route of transmission for infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

Astral projection

Answer

Airborne

Answer

Contact

Answer

Vector-borne