Current Issues in Criminology: Explore the Latest Trends and Challenges

Question 1

Which criminological theory suggests that crime stems from social inequality and conflict?

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory

Answer

Functionalism

Answer

Social learning theory

Answer

Rational choice theory

Question 2

Which of these offenses is considered a 'white-collar crime'?

Accepted Answer

Embezzlement

Answer

Robbery

Answer

Assault

Answer

Drug trafficking

Question 3

In criminology, which theory highlights the role of social structures and institutions in shaping criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Structuralist Theory

Answer

Positivist Theory

Answer

Functionalist Theory

Answer

Rational Choice Theory

Question 4

Which criticism is commonly raised against using restorative justice in cases involving serious crimes?

Accepted Answer

It's unsuitable for offenses involving violence or other serious crimes.

Answer

It prioritizes the victim's needs over the offender's.

Answer

It's overly lenient and fails to hold offenders accountable.

Answer

It emphasizes punishment and hinders reconciliation.

Question 5

Which criminological theory places the most emphasis on the role of individual decision-making in criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Rational choice theory

Answer

Biological positivism

Answer

Social strain theory

Answer

Social control theory

Question 6

Which characteristic is a defining feature of organized crime?

Accepted Answer

Engages in a variety of criminal activities

Answer

Prioritizes individual decision-making

Answer

Operates exclusively within national borders

Answer

Emphasizes impulsive and disorganized actions

Question 7

Which criminological perspective emphasizes the importance of societal consensus and social control in explaining crime?

Accepted Answer

Functionalist theory

Answer

Conflict theory

Answer

Positivist theory

Answer

Social learning theory

Question 8

Critical criminology primarily examines which of the following central themes in criminology?

Accepted Answer

The influence of social and economic factors on criminal behavior

Answer

The connection between crime and genetics

Answer

The efficacy of various crime control strategies

Answer

The impact of crime on victims

Question 9

In critical criminology, what is considered a primary cause of crime?

Accepted Answer

Social and economic inequality

Answer

Biological factors like genetics

Answer

Individual mental health issues

Answer

Rational decision-making for personal gain

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a foundational theoretical framework in criminology?

Accepted Answer

Routine Activities Theory

Answer

Positivist

Answer

Social Conflict

Answer

Critical Criminology

Question 11

Which of the following is not considered a major theoretical perspective in the field of criminology?

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary criminology

Answer

Positivist criminology

Answer

Symbolic interactionism

Answer

Marxist criminology

Question 12

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of restorative justice, distinguishing it from traditional retributive justice?

Accepted Answer

Involving active participation from the victim, offender, and community

Answer

Prioritizing punishment and retribution for the offender

Answer

Focusing exclusively on the victim's individual needs

Answer

Emphasizing legal processes and adversarial proceedings

Question 13

In recent years, criminology has seen a shift in theoretical approaches. Which perspective has become increasingly popular among criminologists?

Accepted Answer

Left Realism

Answer

Positivism

Answer

Marxism

Answer

Social Ecology

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a widely accepted theoretical perspective on crime causation?

Accepted Answer

Astrology

Answer

Biological positivism

Answer

Social learning theory

Answer

Critical criminology

Question 15

Which of the following is a central tenet of feminist criminology?

Accepted Answer

Patriarchal structures contribute to crime and victimization.

Answer

Women are innately less capable than men.

Answer

Stronger punishments should be imposed on women who commit crimes.

Question 16

What is a fundamental principle of restorative justice?

Accepted Answer

Involving victims, offenders, and the community in the justice process

Answer

Prioritizing punishment and retribution

Answer

Relying on adversarial proceedings and formal court hearings

Question 17

Which of the following is not a recognized theoretical perspective in criminology?

Accepted Answer

Conspiracy Theory

Answer

Positivist Criminology

Answer

Ecological Criminology

Answer

Marxist Criminology

Question 18

Which criminological perspective emphasizes the role of societal organization in state crime, rather than individual actions?

Accepted Answer

Structural perspective

Answer

Instrumental perspective

Answer

Cultural perspective

Answer

Postmodern perspective

Question 19

In the labeling theory of crime, which factor is considered influential in shaping criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Societal labeling of individuals as criminals

Answer

Biological factors and genetic inheritance

Answer

Rational decision-making by individuals

Answer

Effectiveness of rehabilitation and post-release support

Question 20

Which perspective in criminology is NOT considered a major foundational theory?

Accepted Answer

Cybercriminology

Answer

Positivist criminology

Answer

Functionalist criminology

Answer

Conflict criminology

Question 21

Which concept is **not** associated with the theoretical perspective of critical criminology?

Accepted Answer

Crime is solely a result of individual choices

Answer

Crime is a product of social inequality and power dynamics

Answer

The criminal justice system favors the wealthy and powerful

Answer

The media reinforces stereotypes and influences public perceptions of crime

Question 22

How do organized crime groups primarily exploit legitimate businesses for their illicit activities?

Accepted Answer

Money laundering and investing in legal entities

Accepted Answer

Establishing front companies and shell corporations

Answer

Violence and intimidation

Question 23

Which criminological theory emphasizes the role of socio-economic conditions in shaping criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Positivist Theory

Answer

Classical Theory

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a primary goal of situational crime prevention (SCP)?

Accepted Answer

Rehabilitating potential offenders

Answer

Increasing the perception of risk

Answer

Neutralizing opportunities for crime

Question 25

Which of the following theories emphasizes individual characteristics rather than environmental factors in explaining criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Biological positivism

Answer

Social learning theory

Answer

Routine activities theory

Answer

Social control theory

Question 26

In the context of social justice, what are the key challenges in addressing the disproportionate representation of marginalized communities within the criminal justice system?

Accepted Answer

Addressing socioeconomic disparities that contribute to crime in marginalized communities.

Accepted Answer

Reforming the criminal justice system to eliminate biases and discrimination against marginalized groups.

Accepted Answer

Changing public attitudes and perceptions towards marginalized communities to reduce stigma and discrimination.

Question 27

Which criminological theory suggests that crime is a learned behavior acquired through interactions with others?

Accepted Answer

Social Learning Theory

Answer

Classical Theory

Answer

Strain Theory

Question 28

Which of these crimes is NOT classified as a property crime?

Accepted Answer

Tax evasion

Answer

Burglary

Answer

Larceny

Answer

Embezzlement

Question 29

Which criminological theory places emphasis on the influence of social conditions, such as poverty and inequality, in shaping criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Structural Strain Theory

Answer

Positivism

Answer

Social Learning Theory

Answer

Rational Choice Theory

Question 30

When assessing the effectiveness of penological interventions, which factors are crucial to consider?

Accepted Answer

Recidivism rates

Accepted Answer

Cost-effectiveness

Answer

Political ideology

Answer

Public opinion

Question 31

Critical Criminology analyzes crime and the criminal justice system from a perspective that:

Accepted Answer

Challenges the fairness and impartiality of the criminal justice system.

Answer

Emphasizes individual responsibility and free will in explaining criminal behavior.

Answer

Solely attributes criminal behavior to biological or psychological factors.

Question 32

Which principle is central to victim-centered approaches in criminal justice systems?

Accepted Answer

Empowering victims through participation

Answer

Treating victims as criminals

Answer

Seeking retribution on behalf of victims

Answer

Ignoring the needs of victims

Question 33

What is a defining characteristic of white-collar crime?

Accepted Answer

It often involves a breach of trust or abuse of power.

Answer

It is usually committed by individuals with low incomes.

Answer

It is usually punished more severely than other crimes.

Question 34

According to critical criminology, what is the primary factor contributing to crime rates in society?

Accepted Answer

Socioeconomic inequalities

Answer

Biological factors

Answer

Strict laws and severe punishments

Question 35

Which topic is NOT a major focus of the 'Current Issues in Criminology' unit?

Accepted Answer

Public Health Approaches to Crime

Answer

Theoretical Perspectives on Crime

Answer

Cybercrime

Answer

The Impact of Terrorism

Question 36

Which theme is central to the study of current issues in criminology?

Accepted Answer

The impact of technology on crime

Answer

The decrease in traditional crime rates

Answer

The growing use of restorative justice

Question 37

Which concern is primarily associated with the privatization of the criminal justice system?

Accepted Answer

Profit-driven motives influencing decision-making

Answer

Increased accountability and transparency

Answer

Reduced costs to taxpayers

Answer

Improved rehabilitation outcomes for inmates

Question 38

What is the main goal of the 'Current Issues in Criminology' unit?

Accepted Answer

To analyze current trends and challenges in crime and the criminal justice system

Answer

To study the history of criminology theories

Answer

To investigate different types of crimes and their impact on society

Question 39

Which factor does **NOT** contribute to the rise of cybercrime?

Accepted Answer

Effective law enforcement resources

Answer

Increased internet connectivity

Answer

Technological advancements

Answer

Growing online demand for illegal goods and services

Question 40

Examine the wide-ranging effects of cybercrime on individuals, organizations, and society as a whole.

Accepted Answer

Cybercrime has a significant impact on individuals, organizations, and society as a whole, necessitating a comprehensive approach to address it.

Answer

Cybercrime solely affects large organizations and corporations, not individuals.

Answer

Cybercrime has no significant impact on society as a whole.

Answer

Cybercrime is a relatively new issue that does not require immediate attention.

Question 41

How has globalization influenced the characteristics and prevalence of transnational organized crime?

Accepted Answer

Globalization has increased opportunities for transnational organized crime by creating new markets and reducing transportation and communication costs.

Answer

Globalization has hindered transnational organized crime by making it more difficult to operate across borders.

Answer

Globalization has had no significant impact on transnational organized crime.

Answer

Globalization has led to a decrease in violence associated with transnational organized crime.

Question 42

How does restorative justice contribute to addressing the harms caused by crime and promoting rehabilitation?

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice focuses on repairing harm and reintegrating offenders into the community.

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice involves bringing together the victim, offender, and community for dialogue.

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice can complement traditional criminal justice approaches by offering alternative pathways to accountability and rehabilitation.

Answer

Restorative justice prioritizes reducing recidivism rates over victim needs.

Question 43

Within the framework of green criminology, which principle is central to the analysis of environmental harm and crime?

Accepted Answer

Environmental harms and crimes are often overlooked by the criminal justice system, resulting in their marginalization.

Answer

The focus should be solely on punishing individuals who commit environmental crimes.

Answer

Environmental crimes are always intentional and deliberate acts.

Question 44

Which perspective on privatization in the criminal justice system contends that it can enhance efficiency and cost-effectiveness?

Accepted Answer

Neo-liberal theory

Answer

Conflict theory

Answer

Functionalist theory

Answer

Marxist theory

Question 45

What is the definition of 'securitization' in criminological discourse?

Accepted Answer

The process by which certain issues are transformed into perceived threats to national security

Answer

The use of private security companies to police public spaces

Answer

The increased use of monitoring technologies

Answer

The militarization of law enforcement

Question 46

Which of the following is a central tenet of differential association theory?

Accepted Answer

Criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others

Answer

Individuals are innately predisposed to criminal tendencies

Answer

Crime arises as a consequence of social and economic deprivation

Answer

Media glorification of criminal behavior is a major contributing factor

Question 47

Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with cybercrime?

Accepted Answer

Predictable methods of detection

Answer

Anonymity

Answer

Transnational reach

Answer

High potential for financial gain

Question 48

Which of the following is currently NOT a major concern in the field of criminology?

Accepted Answer

The impact of artificial intelligence on crime prevention

Answer

The increase in cybercrime

Answer

The impact of terrorism on the criminal justice system

Answer

The privatization of the criminal justice system

Question 49

The rise of cybercrime has posed unique challenges to law enforcement. Which of the following is NOT a significant barrier to effectively combating cybercrime?

Accepted Answer

The adequacy of existing laws and regulations to address the evolving nature of cybercrime

Answer

The lack of international cooperation and coordination in investigating and prosecuting cybercrimes

Answer

The shortage of qualified cybersecurity professionals to investigate and prevent cybercrimes

Answer

The difficulty in obtaining digital evidence from online platforms and service providers

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cybercrime?

Accepted Answer

Requires physical contact

Answer

Transnational

Answer

Anonymous

Answer

Non-physical

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a core topic examined in this unit on current issues in criminology?

Accepted Answer

Drug trafficking

Answer

Cybercrime

Answer

Terrorism

Answer

Privatization of the criminal justice system

Question 52

Which criminological perspective views criminal behavior as largely influenced by social and economic conditions?

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory

Answer

Biological positivism

Answer

Psychological positivism

Answer

Social constructionism

Question 53

Conflict theory suggests that crime is primarily a result of:

Accepted Answer

Social inequality and power disparities

Answer

Individual disorders

Answer

Biological factors

Answer

Mental health issues

Question 54

According to some criminologists, what potential drawback is associated with the privatization of the criminal justice system?

Accepted Answer

Erosion of civil liberties

Answer

Increased efficiency

Answer

Reduced costs

Answer

Increased accountability

Question 55

According to the criminological theory known as 'labelling theory', an individual is more likely to engage in criminal behavior once they are labelled as what?

Accepted Answer

A criminal

Answer

A deviant

Answer

An outcast

Answer

A victim

Question 56

According to the theory of 'differential association', what is the primary influence on an individual's likelihood of committing crime?

Accepted Answer

Their peers and social interactions

Answer

Their economic status

Answer

Their family background

Answer

Their genetic makeup

Question 57

In contemporary criminology, the concept of 'harm reduction' primarily focuses on what?

Accepted Answer

Minimizing the negative consequences of drug use

Answer

Eliminating drug use entirely

Answer

Punishing drug users severely

Answer

Educating people about the dangers of drug use

Question 58

Which of the following is **NOT** a major issue examined in the unit 'Current Issues in Criminology'?

Accepted Answer

Climate change

Answer

Cybercrime

Answer

Terrorism

Answer

Privatization of criminal justice

Question 59

According to the conflict perspective in criminology, crime is primarily a result of:

Accepted Answer

Social inequality and power dynamics

Answer

Individual and moral failings

Answer

Biological factors

Answer

Psychological disorders

Question 60

The concept of 'restorative justice' emphasizes:

Accepted Answer

Both B and C

Answer

Punishment and retribution

Answer

Repairing harm and restoring relationships

Answer

Community involvement in the justice process

Question 61

The concept of 'social harm' in criminology refers to:

Accepted Answer

Any act that causes harm to individuals or society

Answer

Any act that violates criminal law

Answer

Only acts that are intentionally harmful

Answer

Only acts that are punished by the state

Question 62

The central argument in favor of privatizing the criminal justice system is that it would result in:

Accepted Answer

Increased efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

Answer

Reduced likelihood of wrongful convictions.

Answer

Enhanced public trust in the justice system.

Answer

Greater protection of victims' rights.

Question 63

Which of the following is **not** a fundamental principle of restorative justice?

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice prioritizes holding offenders solely responsible for their actions.

Answer

Restorative justice involves bringing together victims, offenders, and their communities.

Answer

Restorative justice seeks to facilitate dialogue and foster understanding between the parties involved.

Answer

Restorative justice emphasizes healing and repairing the harm caused by crime.

Question 64

What is the defining distinction between a crime and a tort?

Accepted Answer

A crime is a violation of the law that is punishable by the state, while a tort is a civil wrong that is compensated through damages.

Answer

A tort is a violation of the law that is punishable by the state, while a crime is a civil wrong that is compensated through damages.

Answer

There is no meaningful distinction between a crime and a tort.

Answer

Both crimes and torts are punishable by the state.