Gender and Work: Exploring the Interplay of Gender and Employment

Question 1

What are the contributing factors to the gender pay gap? Consider both individual and systemic influences.

Accepted Answer

The gender pay gap is a result of a combination of individual and systemic factors, including education, experience, occupational segregation, and discrimination.

Answer

Individual factors, such as women's lack of education and experience, are the primary cause of the gender pay gap.

Answer

Systemic factors, such as occupational segregation and discrimination, are the sole cause of the gender pay gap.

Answer

The gender pay gap is a myth and does not exist.

Question 2

How do gender norms and expectations influence women's career aspirations and decision-making in the workplace?

Accepted Answer

Gender norms can both help and hinder women's career choices.

Answer

Gender norms have no impact on women's career choices.

Answer

Gender norms only affect women's career choices in male-dominated fields.

Answer

Gender norms are the sole cause of gender inequality in the workplace.

Question 3

Workplace policies should consider the complexities of gender identity and expression. How can these policies be developed and implemented to promote inclusivity?

Accepted Answer

Workplace policies and practices should be adaptable and inclusive, recognizing and respecting the diversity of gender identities and expressions.

Answer

Gender identity and expression are fixed, so policies should only cater to traditional gender categories.

Answer

Workplace policies should treat all employees identically, regardless of gender identity or expression.

Question 4

How does unconscious bias contribute to the persistence of gender stereotypes and discrimination in the workplace?

Accepted Answer

Unconscious bias can lead to discriminatory practices in hiring, promotion, and compensation.

Answer

Unconscious bias only affects individuals from traditionally marginalized groups.

Answer

Unconscious bias is a form of intentional prejudice or discrimination.

Answer

Unconscious bias does not impact the career advancement of women.

Question 5

According to feminist theory, the gendered division of labour is primarily driven by:

Accepted Answer

Social construction

Answer

Biological imperatives

Answer

Economic necessity

Answer

Psychological factors

Question 6

Occupational segregation is the term used to describe:

Accepted Answer

The concentration of women and men in different occupations

Answer

The exclusion of women from certain occupations

Answer

The lack of opportunities for women to advance in their careers

Answer

The socialization of men and women into different gender roles

Question 7

Which theory posits that women are raised to prioritize family responsibilities over paid work?

Accepted Answer

Gender role socialization theory

Answer

Conflict theory

Answer

Feminist theory

Answer

Structural functionalism

Question 8

Flextime and job-sharing are examples of:

Accepted Answer

Work-life balance policies

Answer

Barriers to female employment

Answer

Occupational segregation policies

Answer

Gender role socialization practices

Question 9

A key tenet of intersectional feminism is that:

Accepted Answer

Gender oppression intersects with other forms of oppression, such as race and class

Answer

Women's experiences are identical regardless of their intersectional identities

Answer

Men are the primary beneficiaries of gender inequality

Answer

Gender roles are biologically determined

Question 10

The glass ceiling refers to:

Accepted Answer

The invisible barrier that limits women's career advancement

Answer

The occupational segregation of women into low-paying jobs

Answer

The discrimination against women in hiring and promotion processes

Answer

The socialization of women to prioritize family over work

Question 11

The gender pay gap is defined as:

Accepted Answer

The difference in average earnings between men and women

Answer

The discrimination against women in pay scales

Answer

The lack of women in high-paying occupations

Answer

The lower job satisfaction levels of women compared to men

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a key factor contributing to the gender pay gap?

Accepted Answer

Communication skills

Answer

Occupational segregation

Answer

Gender bias

Answer

Education levels

Question 13

Which theory suggests that individuals are more likely to enter occupations that align with their perceived gender roles?

Accepted Answer

Role Congruity Theory

Answer

Gender Schema Theory

Answer

Tokenism Theory

Answer

Breaking the Glass Ceiling Theory

Question 14

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where individuals from a particular group consistently earn less than those from another group for comparable work?

Accepted Answer

Pay gap

Answer

Occupational segregation

Answer

Horizontal segregation

Answer

Vertical segregation

Question 15

According to the concept of the 'glass ceiling', what is a significant barrier to women's career progression?

Accepted Answer

Unconscious bias

Answer

Lack of qualifications

Answer

Family responsibilities

Answer

Hostile work environments

Question 16

What is the concept of 'double shift' used to describe?

Accepted Answer

Women's unpaid domestic work in addition to paid employment

Answer

Men's work in both the public and private spheres

Answer

The unequal division of household labor between women and men

Answer

The different experiences and expectations of women and men in the workforce

Question 17

What is the primary distinction between sex and gender?

Accepted Answer

Sex is biological, while gender is socially constructed

Answer

Gender is biological, while sex is socially constructed

Answer

Sex and gender are entirely synonymous

Answer

There is no meaningful difference between sex and gender

Question 18

Which of the following would be considered a gender-neutral occupation?

Accepted Answer

Software engineer

Answer

Nurse

Answer

Chef

Answer

Teacher

Question 19

What is the term used to describe the invisible barrier that prevents women from advancing beyond certain levels in their careers?

Accepted Answer

Glass ceiling

Answer

Occupational segregation

Answer

Gender discrimination

Answer

Emotional labor

Question 20

How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected gender and work?

Accepted Answer

It has exacerbated gender inequalities in the workplace

Answer

It has led to an increase in women's participation in the labor market

Answer

It has had no significant impact on gender and work

Answer

It has improved women's career opportunities

Question 21

Which of the following is not a primary factor contributing to women's limited career progression?

Accepted Answer

Heightened personal responsibilities outside of work

Answer

Lack of equal access to mentorship and support

Answer

Gender bias in hiring and promotion practices

Answer

Insufficient availability of flexible working arrangements

Question 22

In the context of occupational segregation, which industry historically employs a higher proportion of women?

Accepted Answer

Healthcare

Answer

Construction

Answer

Finance

Answer

Information Technology

Question 23

Distinguish between 'sex' and 'gender' within the context of gender studies.

Accepted Answer

Sex refers to biological characteristics, while gender is a socially constructed concept

Answer

Gender is based on biological attributes, whereas sex is a social construct

Answer

Sex and gender are interchangeable terms

Answer

There is no distinction between sex and gender

Question 24

According to which theoretical framework is gender conceptualized as a social construct that is learned and enacted?

Accepted Answer

Social constructivism

Answer

Biological determinism

Answer

Marxist theory

Answer

Feminist theory

Question 25

Which term describes an individual who does not identify exclusively as male or female?

Accepted Answer

Non-binary

Answer

Transgender

Answer

Androgynous

Answer

Intersex

Question 26

What is the significance of intersectionality in understanding gender and work?

Accepted Answer

It emphasizes that gender intersects with other social identities, such as race, class, and sexuality

Answer

It suggests that women only face discrimination based on their gender

Answer

It prioritizes gender as the sole factor influencing workplace experiences

Answer

It dismisses the experiences of non-normative gender identities

Question 27

Which factor does NOT contribute to occupational segregation by gender?

Accepted Answer

Biological essentialism

Answer

Historical and cultural norms

Answer

Gendered educational and training opportunities

Answer

Labor market discrimination

Question 28

According to the concept of the 'glass ceiling', what is the primary barrier to women's career progression?

Accepted Answer

Stereotypical attitudes and biases

Answer

Insufficient qualifications and experience

Answer

Inadequate support and mentorship

Answer

Unfavorable work-life policies

Question 29

Which profession is an example of a 'feminized occupation'?

Accepted Answer

Nurse

Answer

Doctor

Answer

Engineer

Answer

Police officer

Question 30

What is the fundamental principle of 'equal pay for equal work'?

Accepted Answer

Individuals of all genders should receive equal compensation for work of equal value.

Answer

Women should be paid less than men for comparable work.

Answer

Men should be paid more than women for comparable work.

Answer

Women should be compensated more than men to address historical pay disparities.

Question 31

How does 'intersectionality' relate to gender and work?

Accepted Answer

Gender intersects with other social identities, such as race, ethnicity, and class, to create unique experiences of oppression and privilege.

Answer

Gender is the sole factor that shapes work experiences.

Answer

All women face identical challenges in the workplace.

Answer

Women who belong to multiple marginalized groups are inherently disadvantaged in the workplace.

Question 32

How has the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected women in the labor force?

Accepted Answer

Women have been more likely to lose their jobs due to childcare responsibilities and other caregiving obligations.

Answer

Women have been overrepresented in essential industries and therefore less likely to lose their jobs.

Answer

Women have experienced no significant change in their labor market outcomes compared to men.

Answer

Women have been more likely to be promoted to management positions during the pandemic.

Question 33

What is the intended purpose of affirmative action policies in addressing gender inequality in the workplace?

Accepted Answer

To actively recruit and hire women from underrepresented groups.

Answer

To guarantee women a specific quota of all jobs in an organization.

Answer

To grant preferential treatment to women in promotions and other career opportunities.

Answer

To completely eliminate all gender-based discrimination in the workplace.

Question 34

According to the UK Women's Business Council's 2021 report on women in leadership, which finding is supported by the data?

Accepted Answer

Women remain underrepresented in senior leadership roles in the UK.

Answer

Women comprise more than 50% of leadership positions in the UK.

Answer

Women in leadership are more likely to receive higher salaries than their male counterparts.

Answer

Women in leadership are less likely to experience discrimination and harassment.

Question 35

What is the primary objective of the UK government's Gender Pay Gap Reporting Regulations?

Accepted Answer

To mandate all UK employers to report on their gender pay gap.

Answer

To impose fines on employers with a significant gender pay gap.

Answer

To provide financial incentives to employers who reduce their gender pay gap.

Answer

To eradicate the gender pay gap in the UK by a specific target date.

Question 36

Define the 'glass ceiling'.

Accepted Answer

An invisible barrier hindering women's career advancement

Answer

A physical impediment preventing women from accessing workplaces

Answer

A government policy restricting women's employment opportunities

Answer

A workplace culture that excludes women

Question 37

The term 'glass ceiling' refers to:

Accepted Answer

Barriers to career advancement for women in male-dominated fields

Answer

Barriers to entry into male-dominated occupations

Answer

Barriers to equal pay for equal work

Answer

Barriers to women achieving leadership positions in any field

Question 38

Which theory posits that gender roles are socially learned rather than biologically determined?

Accepted Answer

Gender socialization theory

Answer

Biological essentialism theory

Answer

Structural functionalism theory

Answer

Symbolic interactionism theory

Question 39

The concept of 'gender fluidity' suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Gender is a spectrum

Answer

Gender is a binary category

Answer

Gender is determined solely by biology

Answer

Gender is immutable

Question 40

Which of the following is **NOT** a key aspect of the relationship between gender and work explored in this unit?

Accepted Answer

Family structure

Answer

Access to employment

Answer

Occupational segregation

Answer

Career progression

Question 41

According to the unit, how does occupational segregation impact gender norms?

Accepted Answer

It reinforces traditional gender roles

Answer

It challenges gender stereotypes

Answer

It has no impact on gender norms

Answer

It promotes gender equality

Question 42

Which of the following is **NOT** a factor that contributes to occupational segregation?

Accepted Answer

Individual preference

Answer

Socialization

Answer

Education

Answer

Culture

Question 43

What is the "glass ceiling" effect?

Accepted Answer

The invisible barrier that prevents women from reaching top-level positions

Answer

The phenomenon of women being paid less than men for the same work

Answer

The discrimination faced by women in male-dominated occupations

Answer

The lack of role models for women in leadership positions

Question 44

How does gender shape access to employment in the United Kingdom?

Accepted Answer

Women are more likely to work in part-time or low-paid jobs

Answer

Men are more likely to be unemployed

Answer

There is no significant difference in employment opportunities based on gender

Answer

Women are more likely to be self-employed

Question 45

How does intersectionality relate to the study of gender and work?

Accepted Answer

It recognizes that gender intersects with other forms of identity, such as race, class, and sexuality

Answer

It suggests that gender is the sole determinant of workplace experiences

Answer

It overlooks the experiences of marginalized groups

Answer

It is not relevant to the study of gender and work

Question 46

Occupational segregation refers to:

Accepted Answer

The separation of jobs into distinct male and female categories

Answer

The concentration of women in low-paying occupations

Answer

The exclusion of women from leadership roles

Answer

The lack of female representation in certain industries

Question 47

What does the concept of 'glass ceiling' refer to in the context of gender and work?

Accepted Answer

Barriers to career advancement for women

Answer

The underrepresentation of women in top management

Answer

Discrimination against women in the workplace

Answer

The expectation that women must balance work and family responsibilities

Question 48

How can government initiatives promoting workplace gender equality be adapted to meet specific regional needs?

Accepted Answer

Consider cultural norms and values

Answer

Prioritize economic development

Answer

Ignore regional differences

Question 49

Among the following, which factor does NOT contribute to occupational segregation by gender?

Accepted Answer

Equal opportunity legislation

Answer

Gender bias and stereotypes

Answer

Socialization into gender roles

Answer

Discriminatory practices

Question 50

According to the glass ceiling theory, at which organizational level do women typically encounter barriers to career advancement?

Accepted Answer

Top-level management

Answer

Entry-level positions

Answer

Mid-level management

Question 51

Which of the following is a potential negative consequence of occupational segregation by gender?

Accepted Answer

Wage disparities between men and women

Answer

Higher levels of employee engagement

Answer

Increased workplace diversity

Answer

Improved productivity

Question 52

The concept of 'doing gender' primarily emphasizes that:

Accepted Answer

Gender is a social construct expressed and reinforced through everyday behaviors and interactions.

Answer

Gender is primarily determined by personal choices and preferences.

Answer

Gender is an immutable biological characteristic.

Question 53

The term 'pink collar ghetto' is used to describe:

Accepted Answer

Occupations predominantly held by women and characterized by low pay and limited advancement opportunities.

Answer

Occupations exclusively reserved for women.

Answer

Occupations traditionally dominated by men but recently experiencing increased female participation.

Question 54

A major challenge faced by women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields is:

Accepted Answer

Lack of visible female role models and mentors.

Answer

Higher salaries for men compared to women in the same roles.

Answer

Preferential treatment for women in hiring and promotion.

Answer

Equal opportunities for women to lead STEM organizations.

Question 55

The concept of 'intersectionality' highlights the importance of understanding that:

Accepted Answer

Social identities and their associated experiences overlap and interact, shaping individual realities.

Answer

Gender is the primary determinant of an individual's life experiences.

Answer

Men and women experience the world in identical ways.

Question 56

A potential benefit of increasing gender diversity in the workplace is:

Accepted Answer

Enhanced problem-solving and innovation due to diverse perspectives and experiences.

Answer

Increased employee turnover and decreased productivity.

Answer

Lower salaries for all employees.

Answer

Fewer opportunities for male employees to advance.

Question 57

The 'gender pay gap' refers to the:

Accepted Answer

Difference in median earnings between men and women for comparable work.

Answer

Difference in working hours between men and women.

Answer

Difference in educational attainment and experience between men and women.

Answer

Difference in occupational choices made by men and women.

Question 58

Which term describes the unequal distribution of workers into different occupations and industries based on gender characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Occupational segregation

Answer

Glass ceiling

Answer

Gender pay gap

Answer

Affirmative action

Question 59

Which concept refers to the invisible barriers that hinder women's career advancement, preventing them from reaching leadership or executive-level positions?

Accepted Answer

Glass ceiling

Answer

Double bind

Answer

Occupational clustering

Answer

Sticky floor

Question 60

Which sociological theory emphasizes that gender is not fixed or innate, but rather is shaped by social institutions, norms, and practices?

Accepted Answer

Social constructivism

Answer

Structural functionalism

Answer

Feminism

Answer

Biologism

Question 61

Which type of work arrangement provides employees with the flexibility to work from a location outside of the traditional office setting?

Accepted Answer

Telework

Answer

Flextime

Answer

Job sharing

Answer

Compressed workweek

Question 62

What is the primary objective of affirmative action programs in employment?

Accepted Answer

To promote equal opportunities for historically underrepresented groups in the workplace

Answer

To eliminate all forms of discrimination

Answer

To ensure equal representation in all occupations

Question 63

Which feminist perspective prioritizes the experiences and perspectives of marginalized women, highlighting the role of social positions in understanding gender dynamics?

Accepted Answer

Standpoint feminism

Answer

Liberal feminism

Answer

Radical feminism

Answer

Postmodern feminism

Question 64

Which term refers to the belief that certain jobs or roles are inherently suited to people based on their biological sex?

Accepted Answer

Essentialism

Answer

Socialization

Answer

Determinism

Answer

Stereotyping