Pharmacodynamics: Master Drug Actions and Interactions

Question 1

Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action for non-selective beta-blockers?

Accepted Answer

Blockade of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoreceptors

Answer

Blockade of alpha-1 adrenoreceptors

Answer

Activation of beta-2 adrenoreceptors

Answer

Blockade of muscarinic cholinoreceptors

Question 2

Which of the following factors does NOT affect drug-receptor binding?

Accepted Answer

Protein binding

Answer

Drug concentration

Answer

Receptor number

Answer

Receptor affinity

Question 3

The dose-response curve for a drug can be shifted to the right by all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Increased drug concentration

Answer

Competitive antagonism

Answer

Non-competitive antagonism

Answer

Increased receptor number

Question 4

Which of the following is a characteristic of a full agonist?

Accepted Answer

Produces a maximal response at all receptor occupancies

Answer

Binds to the receptor but does not activate it

Answer

Has a lower affinity for the receptor than a partial agonist

Answer

Shifts the dose-response curve of a partial agonist to the right

Question 5

Which of the following is a factor that can increase the bioavailability of a drug?

Accepted Answer

Enteric coating

Answer

First-pass metabolism

Answer

Protein binding

Answer

кишечно-обородочный барьер

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a route of drug administration?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion

Answer

Oral

Answer

Intravenous

Answer

Transdermal

Question 7

Which of the following is **not** a type of drug-receptor interaction?

Accepted Answer

Transport

Answer

Agonism

Answer

Partial agonism

Answer

Antagonism

Question 8

Emax is a measure of:

Accepted Answer

Drug efficacy

Answer

Drug potency

Answer

Receptor binding affinity

Answer

Drug clearance

Question 9

The concept of competitive antagonism involves which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Drugs competing for binding to the same receptor site

Answer

Drugs competing for different receptor subtypes

Answer

Drugs binding to allosteric sites on the receptor

Answer

Drugs acting on different physiological targets

Question 10

Which of the following is a downstream effector of cAMP-mediated signaling?

Accepted Answer

Protein kinase A

Answer

Phospholipase C

Answer

Nitric oxide synthase

Answer

Rho kinase

Question 11

The primary mechanism of action for drugs that act as antagonists involves:

Accepted Answer

Binding to a receptor and inhibiting its activity

Answer

Binding to a carrier protein and preventing drug transport

Answer

Increasing the synthesis of endogenous inhibitory substances

Answer

Altering the conformation of a receptor and reducing its affinity for the agonist

Question 12

The concept of receptor reserve pertains to:

Accepted Answer

The number of unoccupied receptors available for drug binding

Answer

The ability of a drug to activate multiple receptors

Answer

The maximum response that can be elicited by a drug

Answer

The rate at which a drug is metabolized

Question 13

The therapeutic index of a drug quantifies:

Accepted Answer

The ratio of the effective dose to the toxic dose

Answer

The maximum dose that can be safely administered

Answer

The minimum dose that produces a therapeutic effect

Answer

The rate of drug clearance from the body

Question 14

The dose-response curve for an agonist drug typically exhibits:

Accepted Answer

A sigmoidal shape

Answer

A linear relationship

Answer

A parabolic curve

Answer

An exponential curve

Question 15

A competitive antagonist binds to the same site on the receptor as the agonist. What is the expected effect on the dose-response curve for the agonist?

Accepted Answer

Shift to the right

Answer

Shift to the left

Answer

No change in position

Answer

Increase in maximum response

Question 16

Which of the following mechanisms of drug action involves alteration of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Nuclear hormone receptors

Answer

Ligand-gated ion channels

Answer

G protein-coupled receptors

Answer

Receptor tyrosine kinases

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a therapeutic use of a drug that targets an ion channel?

Accepted Answer

Treatment of arrhythmias with antiarrhythmic drugs

Answer

Reduction of blood pressure with diuretics

Answer

Relief of pain with opioids

Answer

Control of cholesterol levels with statins

Question 18

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the termination of acetylcholine's action at cholinergic synapses by hydrolyzing it?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholinesterase

Answer

Butyrylcholinesterase

Answer

Cytochrome P450

Answer

Monoamine oxidase

Question 19

The EC50 value of a drug refers to the drug concentration required to produce what percentage of the maximal response?

Accepted Answer

50%

Answer

25%

Answer

75%

Question 20

Which factors can influence the rate at which a drug is metabolized?

Accepted Answer

Age, genetics, and liver function

Answer

Gender and ethnicity only

Answer

Body weight only

Answer

Drug interactions only

Question 21

What is a defining characteristic of a prodrug?

Accepted Answer

It is an inactive compound that is converted into an active form in the body.

Answer

It is a drug that is rapidly metabolized.

Answer

It is a drug that is highly protein bound.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a type of drug-receptor interaction?

Accepted Answer

Non-covalent bond formation

Answer

Antagonism

Answer

Agonism

Answer

Inverse agonism

Question 23

The dose-response curve for a drug typically exhibits which shape?

Accepted Answer

A sigmoid shape

Answer

A bell-shaped curve

Answer

A linear slope

Answer

A hyperbolic curve

Question 24

Which factor is a major determinant of drug-receptor binding?

Accepted Answer

Receptor concentration

Answer

Temperature alone

Answer

Drug concentration alone

Answer

pH alone

Question 25

Which mechanism is commonly involved in drug antagonism?

Accepted Answer

Competitive binding at the receptor site

Answer

Induction of receptor downregulation

Answer

Depletion of endogenous ligands

Answer

Allosteric modulation of the receptor

Question 26

The maximal response to a drug is primarily limited by which factor?

Accepted Answer

The number of available receptors

Answer

The rate of drug metabolism

Answer

The rate of drug absorption

Answer

The drug concentration alone

Question 27

Which factor can significantly influence the rate of drug absorption?

Accepted Answer

Surface area of the absorption site

Answer

Drug concentration alone

Answer

pH of the absorption site alone

Answer

Drug solubility alone

Question 28

Where does the primary metabolism of drugs typically occur?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Answer

Kidneys

Answer

Stomach

Answer

Lungs

Question 29

Which is a potential adverse consequence of drug-drug interactions?

Accepted Answer

Increased toxicity

Answer

No significant effects

Answer

Reduction of side effects alone

Answer

Improvement of efficacy alone

Question 30

Partial agonism refers to drugs that:

Accepted Answer

Bind to receptors and produce a submaximal response

Answer

Bind to receptors and block the response to other drugs only

Answer

Have no affinity for receptors