Biological Theories of Ageing: Master the Science of Growing Older

Question 1

Identify the key component of the free radical theory of ageing.

Accepted Answer

Production of reactive oxygen species

Answer

Accumulated damaged proteins

Answer

Shortened telomeres

Answer

Mitochondrial dysfunction

Question 2

According to the mitochondrial theory of ageing, what underlies cellular senescence?

Accepted Answer

Diminished ATP production

Answer

Increased DNA damage

Answer

Impaired protein synthesis

Answer

Activation of apoptosis pathways

Question 3

Identify the factor known to accelerate the ageing process.

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Caloric restriction

Answer

Antioxidant supplementation

Question 4

Which theory posits that ageing is a result of a decline in the performance of mitochondria, the energy-generating organelles within cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial theory

Answer

Telomere theory

Answer

Evolutionary theory

Answer

Hayflick limit theory

Question 5

According to the telomere theory, which cellular component diminishes in length with each cell division, ultimately leading to cell senescence?

Accepted Answer

Telomeres

Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Lysosomes

Answer

Ribosomes

Question 6

Which criticism is commonly leveled against the free radical theory of ageing?

Accepted Answer

It oversimplifies the intricate process of ageing.

Answer

It lacks experimental evidence to support its claims.

Answer

It applies only to certain species.

Answer

It overlooks the influence of genetic factors.

Question 7

The Hayflick limit refers to:

Accepted Answer

The maximum number of times a human cell is capable of dividing

Answer

The average lifespan of humans

Answer

The rate at which telomeres decrease in length

Answer

The amount of free radical damage a cell can tolerate

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a recognized factor influencing the pace of ageing?

Accepted Answer

Zodiac signs

Answer

Genetics

Answer

Lifestyle

Answer

Environment

Question 9

Which theory of ageing highlights the role of natural selection in shaping the ageing process?

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary theory

Answer

Free radical theory

Answer

Mitochondrial theory

Answer

Programmed ageing theory

Question 10

Which intervention has been demonstrated to decelerate ageing in experimental organisms?

Accepted Answer

Caloric restriction

Answer

Antioxidants

Answer

Hormone replacement therapy

Answer

Exercise

Question 11

Which type of ageing is characterized by a gradual decline in physiological function over time?

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic ageing

Answer

Extrinsic ageing

Answer

Programmed ageing

Answer

Stochastic ageing

Question 12

Which theory of ageing proposes that damage caused by reactive oxygen species is a primary mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Free radical theory

Answer

Mitochondrial theory

Answer

Telomere theory

Answer

Evolutionary theory

Question 13

According to the mitochondrial theory of ageing, which organelles are the principal source of reactive oxygen species?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Nucleus

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Lysosomes

Question 14

Which structure at the ends of chromosomes is central to the telomere theory of ageing?

Accepted Answer

Telomere

Answer

Centromere

Answer

Histone

Answer

Promoter

Question 15

Which of the following is not a potential consequence of cellular senescence?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced DNA repair

Answer

Proliferation arrest

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Chronic inflammation

Question 16

Which enzyme is crucial for telomere maintenance?

Accepted Answer

Telomerase

Answer

Helicase

Answer

Polymerase

Answer

Ligase

Question 17

Which type of cell division ensures the equal distribution of genetic material to daughter cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis

Answer

Meiosis

Answer

Binary fission

Answer

Budding

Question 18

Which interdisciplinary field focuses on studying ageing and its implications for individuals and society?

Accepted Answer

Gerontology

Answer

Biogerontology

Answer

Genomics

Answer

Bioinformatics

Question 19

Which theory of ageing posits that oxidative damage accumulates in cells over time, contributing to the ageing process?

Accepted Answer

Free radical theory

Answer

Mitochondrial theory

Answer

Telomere theory

Answer

Hormonal theory

Question 20

Which theory of ageing associates ageing with the progressive shortening of telomeres?

Accepted Answer

Telomere theory

Answer

Hormonal theory

Answer

Mitochondrial theory

Answer

Free radical theory

Question 21

Based on the mitochondrial theory of ageing, which potential therapeutic strategy could delay the ageing process?

Accepted Answer

Enhancing mitochondrial function

Answer

Elevating antioxidant levels

Answer

Extending telomeres

Question 22

Which theory of ageing emphasizes the influence of hormonal imbalances on the ageing process?

Accepted Answer

Neuroendocrine theory

Answer

Mitochondrial theory

Answer

Free radical theory

Answer

Telomere theory

Question 23

Which characteristic of the skin undergoes changes during the ageing process?

Accepted Answer

Reduced collagen production

Answer

Increased hair growth

Answer

Enhanced melanocyte activity

Answer

Elevated sebum production

Question 24

Which cellular mechanism is responsible for repairing damaged DNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA repair mechanisms

Answer

Telomere shortening

Answer

Glycation

Answer

Mitochondrial dysfunction

Question 25

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of glycation?

Accepted Answer

Impaired protein function

Answer

Enhanced DNA repair

Answer

Telomere elongation

Answer

Increased antioxidant activity

Question 26

Which enzyme plays a crucial role in the degradation of damaged proteins?

Accepted Answer

Proteasome

Answer

Helicase

Answer

Glycosylase

Answer

Telomerase

Question 27

Which statement accurately describes epigenetics in relation to ageing?

Accepted Answer

Epigenetic modifications can influence gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence.

Answer

Epigenetic changes are invariably reversible.

Answer

Epigenetic modifications are inconsequential to cellular ageing.