Immunopathology: Exploring the Immune System's Role in Disease

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a type of hypersensitivity reaction classified by Gell and Coombs?

Accepted Answer

Type V: Receptor-mediated

Answer

Type I: Anaphylactic

Answer

Type II: Cytotoxic

Answer

Type III: Immune complex

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which antibodies can mediate tissue damage?

Accepted Answer

Neutralization

Answer

Complement activation

Answer

Opsonization

Answer

Direct cytotoxicity

Question 3

Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2)?

Accepted Answer

T helper cells

Answer

B cells

Answer

Natural killer cells

Answer

Macrophages

Question 4

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

Accepted Answer

Release of histamine and other mediators

Answer

Activation of the complement pathway

Answer

Infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages

Answer

Formation of immune complexes

Question 5

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by cytotoxic T cells and macrophages?

Accepted Answer

Type IV: Cell-mediated hypersensitivity (delayed-type hypersensitivity)

Answer

Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity

Answer

Type II: Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity

Answer

Type III: Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity

Question 6

Which immune cell type is primarily responsible for presenting antigens to T cells?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cells, which are specialized antigen-presenting cells

Answer

Macrophages, which engulf and process foreign substances

Answer

B cells, which produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens

Answer

Neutrophils, which are phagocytic cells involved in innate immunity

Question 7

Which cytokine is crucial for the differentiation of Th2 cells, a subset of helper T cells involved in allergic responses?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-4, which promotes Th2 cell development and cytokine production

Answer

Interleukin-12, which promotes Th1 cell development and interferon-gamma production

Answer

Interferon-gamma, which inhibits Th2 cell differentiation and promotes Th1 cell differentiation

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in both Th1 and Th2 responses

Question 8

Autoimmune disorders are characterized by antibodies directed against:

Accepted Answer

Self-antigens

Answer

Foreign antigens

Answer

Bacteria

Answer

Viruses

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

Accepted Answer

Producing antibodies

Answer

Capturing and processing antigens

Answer

Displaying antigen-MHC complexes

Answer

Activating T cells

Question 10

Which hypersensitivity reaction type involves IgE antibodies binding to allergens?

Accepted Answer

Type I

Answer

Type II

Answer

Type III

Answer

Type IV

Question 11

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is primarily known for its:

Accepted Answer

Anti-inflammatory effects

Answer

Pro-inflammatory effects

Answer

T cell stimulatory effects

Answer

B cell inhibitory effects

Question 12

In a patient with chronic inflammation and immune complex deposition in blood vessel walls, which hypersensitivity reaction type is likely?

Accepted Answer

Type III

Answer

Type I

Answer

Type II

Answer

Type IV

Question 13

Which autoimmune disease commonly affects the joints?

Accepted Answer

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer

Asthma

Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Answer

Lupus

Question 14

In Type IV hypersensitivity reactions, which immune cell is primarily involved?

Accepted Answer

T lymphocyte

Answer

Neutrophil

Answer

Macrophage

Answer

B lymphocyte

Question 15

Methotrexate is used to treat autoimmune disorders primarily by:

Accepted Answer

Inhibiting DNA synthesis

Answer

Stimulating cytokine production

Answer

Depleting T cells

Answer

Enhancing B cell function

Question 16

In immunopathology research, which of these is NOT an ethical consideration?

Accepted Answer

Prioritizing financial gain from research findings

Answer

Protecting human subjects

Answer

Obtaining informed consent

Answer

Using patient data responsibly

Question 17

Which of the following mechanisms is the primary cause of tissue damage in autoimmune disorders?

Accepted Answer

Production of autoantibodies that target and destroy healthy self tissues

Answer

Excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Answer

Activation of complement cascade leading to cell death

Question 18

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation and rapid onset of symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Type I

Answer

Type III

Answer

Type II

Answer

Type IV

Question 19

In rheumatoid arthritis, which specific autoantibody targets the Fc region of IgG?

Accepted Answer

Rheumatoid factor (RF)

Answer

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)

Answer

Anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA)

Answer

Antinuclear antibody (ANA)

Question 20

Which inflammatory cytokine plays a central role in mediating allergic responses?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

Answer

Interleukin-12 (IL-12)

Answer

Interleukin-17 (IL-17)

Answer

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

Question 21

Which immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by a deficiency in the production of mature T cells?

Accepted Answer

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Answer

Hyper-IgM syndrome

Answer

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)

Answer

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)

Question 22

Which diagnostic test is commonly used to detect circulating immune complexes?

Accepted Answer

C3NeF assay

Answer

Western blot

Answer

Flow cytometry

Answer

ELISA

Question 23

Which animal model is widely used to study the development and progression of autoimmune diseases?

Accepted Answer

Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse

Answer

Dog

Answer

Rabbit

Answer

Guinea pig

Question 24

Which therapeutic approach involves the use of drugs that suppress the activity of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Immunosuppression

Answer

Vaccines

Answer

Gene therapy

Answer

Immunotherapy

Question 25

Which type of immune response is primarily mediated by the activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells?

Accepted Answer

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer

Adaptive immunity

Answer

Humoral immunity

Answer

Innate immunity

Question 26

Which branch of immunology focuses on the study of immune responses against microorganisms?

Accepted Answer

Immunology of infectious diseases

Answer

Cancer immunology

Answer

Autoimmunology