Research Methods in Medicine: Online Learning Quizzes

Question 1

Which of the following are recognized sources of international law?

Accepted Answer

Customary international law

Accepted Answer

Treaties and conventions

Accepted Answer

General principles of law recognized by civilized nations

Answer

National court decisions

Question 2

Which of the following are sources of international law?

Accepted Answer

Custom

Accepted Answer

Treaties

Accepted Answer

Judicial decisions

Answer

Domestic law

Question 3

Which source of international law develops from the consistent actions of states over time?

Accepted Answer

Customary international law

Answer

Treaties

Answer

General principles of law

Answer

Domestic law

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a traditional source of international law?

Accepted Answer

Lawmaking by international organizations

Answer

Customary international law

Answer

Treaties

Answer

General principles of law recognized by civilized nations

Question 5

According to the International Court of Justice, which of the following is NOT a valid source of international law?

Accepted Answer

Academic writings

Answer

Customary international law

Answer

Treaties

Answer

General principles of law

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a source of international law?

Accepted Answer

Domestic law

Answer

Customary international law

Answer

Treaties

Answer

General principles of law

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a binding source of international law?

Accepted Answer

Soft law

Answer

Customary international law

Answer

Treaties

Answer

General principles of law

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a source of international law?

Accepted Answer

National legislation

Answer

Treaties

Answer

Customary international law

Answer

General principles of law recognized by civilized nations

Question 9

According to Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which of the following is NOT a recognized source of international law?

Accepted Answer

Judicial decisions and teachings of the most highly qualified publicists

Answer

Customary international law

Answer

Treaties

Answer

General principles of law recognized by civilized nations

Question 10

Which of the following is not considered a source of international law?

Accepted Answer

Domestic legislation

Answer

Customary international law

Answer

Treaties

Answer

General principles of law recognized by civilized nations

Question 11

Which of the following is **not** a recognized source of international law?

Accepted Answer

National laws and regulations

Answer

Customary international law

Answer

Treaties and conventions

Answer

General principles of law recognized by civilized nations

Question 12

Which of the following is not a recognized source of international law?

Accepted Answer

National constitutions

Answer

Customary international law

Answer

Treaties and international agreements

Answer

Judicial decisions of international courts

Question 13

What is a primary function of the International Law Commission?

Accepted Answer

Codify and develop international law

Answer

Interpret international law

Answer

Enforce international law

Answer

Resolve disputes between states

Question 14

In international law, 'soft law' refers to:

Accepted Answer

Non-binding principles that guide state behavior

Answer

Legally binding agreements made by international organizations

Answer

Judgments from international courts that establish new laws

Answer

Treaties that have not yet been fully ratified

Question 15

According to the International Law Commission, which of the following is NOT a recognized source of international law?

Accepted Answer

Domestic law

Answer

Treaties

Answer

Customary international law

Answer

General principles of law recognized by civilized nations

Question 16

What crimes does the International Criminal Court (ICC) have jurisdiction over?

Accepted Answer

Genocide

Accepted Answer

Crimes against humanity

Answer

Car theft

Answer

Bribery

Question 17

What is a key characteristic of customary international law?

Accepted Answer

It is based on long-standing practices among states and is widely recognized as law.

Answer

It is solely recorded in official treaties and agreements.

Answer

It is only binding on states that have expressly agreed to it.

Answer

It can be easily changed or abolished by individual states.

Question 18

Which source forms the cornerstone of international law?

Accepted Answer

Customary international law

Answer

Treaties and conventions

Answer

General principles of law

Answer

Judicial decisions

Question 19

What is the International Court of Justice's primary function in international law?

Accepted Answer

Resolving disputes between states and interpreting treaties

Answer

Mediating conflicts between states and advising the UN Security Council

Answer

Enforcing international laws and imposing sanctions

Answer

Promoting cooperation and economic development through legal initiatives

Question 20

Which crimes fall under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) as defined by the Rome Statute?

Accepted Answer

Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression

Answer

Petty theft, vandalism, and minor traffic violations

Answer

Crimes related to intellectual property and copyright infringement

Question 21

Under international law, how are individuals' legal status and the enforceability of their rights characterized?

Accepted Answer

Individuals have limited legal rights and obligations under international law, and their rights are primarily enforced through their governments.

Answer

Individuals are fully recognized as subjects of international law, with the same legal capacity as states.

Answer

Individuals can only be held legally responsible for violating international law if they act on behalf of a state.

Answer

Individuals can directly enforce their rights under international law through international courts.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a traditional source of international law?

Accepted Answer

Academic writings

Answer

Customary international law

Answer

Treaties

Answer

General principles of law recognized by civilized nations

Question 23

According to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which statement accurately describes the legal nature of an international treaty?

Accepted Answer

Treaties establish rights and obligations only for the parties involved.

Answer

Treaties are binding only on nations that have signed and ratified them.

Answer

Treaties create obligations only for nations involved in their negotiation.

Question 24

What is a defining characteristic that sets customary international law apart from other sources of international law?

Accepted Answer

It originates from consistent state practice accompanied by the belief that such practice is legally binding (opinio juris).

Answer

It is exclusively derived from written agreements between states.

Answer

It is universally binding on all states, regardless of their consent.

Question 25

According to international law, what is the primary function of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)?

Accepted Answer

To resolve international disputes and interpret international law

Answer

To prosecute individuals for international crimes

Answer

To provide legal advice to countries on international law

Answer

To monitor and enforce international human rights law

Question 26

In international law, which of these is a defining characteristic of a state?

Accepted Answer

Sovereignty and independence are inherent qualities of a state.

Answer

Recognition from other states is the sole determinant of a state's existence.

Answer

Membership in the United Nations is a requirement for statehood.

Answer

State borders are permanently fixed and cannot be changed.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT recognized by the International Court of Justice as a traditional source of international law?

Accepted Answer

Judicial decisions

Answer

Customary law

Answer

Treaties

Answer

General principles of law

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a source of international law?

Accepted Answer

National legislation

Answer

Customary international law

Answer

Treaties

Answer

General principles of law

Question 29

According to the International Court of Justice, which of the following is **not** a primary source of international law?

Accepted Answer

Judicial decisions

Answer

Customary international law

Answer

Treaties

Answer

General principles of law recognized by civilized nations

Question 30

Which of the following is **not** a recognized source of international law?

Accepted Answer

Academic commentary

Answer

Customary law

Answer

International treaties

Question 31

In the context of customary international law, what is the meaning of 'opinio juris'?

Accepted Answer

The belief that a certain practice is legally binding, even without a written treaty or statute.

Answer

The practice of a particular behavior by most states, regardless of their reasons.

Answer

The legal principle that a state is bound by its own actions, even if they violate international law.

Answer

The obligation of all states to follow treaties they have ratified, regardless of their interpretations.

Question 32

What is the primary purpose of conducting a literature review in research?

Accepted Answer

To synthesize and summarize existing knowledge on a specific topic or issue.

Answer

To generate new theories or hypotheses for further investigation.

Answer

To collect raw data for a research study.

Answer

To disseminate research findings to the broader scientific community.

Question 33

What is the primary responsibility of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research?

Accepted Answer

To review and approve research studies involving human participants to ensure their safety and ethical conduct.

Answer

To conduct research studies and collect data for researchers.

Answer

To publish and disseminate research findings to the scientific community.

Answer

To provide funding for research projects.

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of a qualitative research method?

Accepted Answer

In-depth interviews that explore participants' experiences and perspectives.

Answer

Surveys that collect quantitative data on specific variables or demographics.

Answer

Observational studies that systematically record behaviors and occurrences.

Answer

Laboratory experiments that manipulate variables to examine cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 35

The primary goal of ethical research practices is to:

Accepted Answer

Produce unbiased findings

Answer

Conceal potential biases

Answer

Present exaggerated conclusions

Question 36

In international law, what is the main significance of the principle 'pacta sunt servanda'?

Accepted Answer

It stresses the binding nature of treaties and the obligation of states to uphold their treaty commitments.

Answer

It permits states to withdraw from treaties whenever they want without giving a reason.

Answer

It only applies to bilateral treaties, not multilateral treaties.

Question 37

In research, which ethical consideration is crucial to ensure participants comprehend the study's purpose, risks, and benefits before agreeing to participate?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent

Answer

Confidentiality

Answer

Data accuracy

Answer

Research design

Question 38

What is the primary purpose of a control group in an experiment?

Accepted Answer

To provide a basis for comparison for the experimental group

Answer

To eliminate bias from the experiment

Answer

To increase the sample size of the experiment

Answer

To ensure the reproducibility of the experiment

Question 39

What are the key challenges in designing a research study that ensures validity and reliability?

Accepted Answer

Sampling bias, confounding variables, and measurement error

Answer

Lack of access to participants, time constraints, and ethical concerns

Answer

Writing and approving a research proposal

Question 40

What is a primary benefit of employing qualitative research methods?

Accepted Answer

Enables in-depth examination of intricate phenomena.

Answer

Yields objective and generalizable findings.

Answer

Requires the use of extensive sample sizes.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a key component in the design of a research study?

Accepted Answer

Timeline

Answer

Hypothesis

Answer

Data collection method

Answer

Sample size

Question 42

Which of the following is a technique used to minimize bias in research studies?

Accepted Answer

Randomization

Answer

Selection bias

Answer

Confounding bias

Answer

Publication bias

Question 43

What's the main purpose of a literature review in research?

Accepted Answer

Critically combine existing research findings on a specific topic.

Answer

Gather new data to support a research hypothesis.

Answer

Share a personal perspective on a research topic.

Answer

Evaluate the feasibility of a research study.

Question 44

Which factor is crucial for ensuring both the validity and reliability of research?

Accepted Answer

Employing a valid and reliable research design

Answer

Obtaining data from a large sample size

Answer

Using various data collection methods

Answer

Presenting results honestly and accurately

Question 45

Which of the following is a method used in qualitative research?

Accepted Answer

Interviewing participants

Answer

Conducting surveys

Answer

Running experiments

Answer

Performing meta-analyses

Question 46

What is the primary goal of a literature review?

Accepted Answer

Summarizing existing research on a specific topic

Answer

Developing new theories

Answer

Collecting data for a study

Answer

Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions

Question 47

How are dependent and independent variables related?

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the outcome being measured, while the independent variable is the factor being manipulated.

Answer

The independent variable is the outcome being measured, while the dependent variable is the factor being manipulated.

Answer

Both variables are the same.

Answer

There is no relationship between the two.

Question 48

What is the primary function of a null hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

To state the absence of a relationship between the variables being studied.

Answer

To state the presence of a relationship between the variables being studied.

Answer

To test the validity of the research question.

Answer

To prove the research hypothesis

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental principle of research ethics?

Accepted Answer

Censorship or suppression of research findings

Answer

Respect for participants' autonomy and well-being

Answer

Scientific integrity and honesty in reporting

Answer

Confidentiality and protection of participants' privacy

Question 50

In research, what is a crucial element of informed consent?

Accepted Answer

Giving participants enough information to make a well-informed choice

Answer

Getting a signed consent form

Question 51

What is the primary purpose of a literature review in a research study?

Accepted Answer

To provide a comprehensive overview of existing knowledge on the research topic

Answer

To develop a hypothesis or research question

Answer

To gather data for the study

Answer

To analyze the results of the study

Question 52

Which sampling method involves selecting participants who meet specific criteria or characteristics relevant to the research question?

Accepted Answer

Purposive sampling

Answer

Convenience sampling

Answer

Probability sampling

Answer

Quota sampling

Question 53

Which of the following is not considered a valid research design?

Accepted Answer

Casual

Answer

Experimental

Answer

Observational

Answer

Correlational

Question 54

Which statistical test is used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two independent groups?

Accepted Answer

t-test

Answer

Chi-square test

Answer

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Answer

Regression analysis

Question 55

What is the ethical principle that requires researchers to uphold the rights and privacy of research participants?

Accepted Answer

Respect for autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Answer

Non-maleficence

Question 56

Which of the following is not a key consideration when designing a research study?

Accepted Answer

Availability of funding

Answer

Potential for bias

Answer

Ethical implications

Answer

Internal validity

Question 57

Which fundamental principle of research design emphasizes the avoidance of biases and preconceptions?

Accepted Answer

Objectivity

Answer

Intuition

Answer

Subjectivity

Answer

Flexibility

Question 58

Which sampling technique involves selecting participants randomly from a defined population?

Accepted Answer

Simple random sampling

Answer

Convenience sampling

Answer

Quota sampling

Answer

Systematic sampling

Question 59

Construct validity is a type of validity assessment that examines whether:

Accepted Answer

A measure accurately reflects the concept it claims to measure

Answer

Research findings can be generalized to other populations

Answer

The research design is free from biases

Answer

Participants' responses are consistent over time

Question 60

To compare the means of two independent groups, which statistical test is appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Independent t-test

Answer

Chi-square test

Answer

Regression analysis

Answer

Paired t-test

Question 61

What is the primary purpose of conducting a literature review in a research project?

Accepted Answer

To synthesize existing knowledge, identify research gaps, and provide a foundation for the research question

Answer

To establish the researcher's expertise in the field

Answer

To summarize all previous research findings on a topic

Question 62

Which type of bias can arise when the sample is not representative of the population of interest?

Accepted Answer

Selection bias

Answer

Non-response bias

Answer

Measurement bias

Answer

Sampling error

Question 63

What is the purpose of formulating a research hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

To propose a testable explanation or prediction about the relationship between variables

Answer

To summarize the findings of the research

Answer

To state the main objective of the research study

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a well-formulated research question?

Accepted Answer

It can be answered with a simple 'yes' or 'no'.

Answer

It is relevant to the research topic.

Answer

It is specific and focused.