Hypothesis Testing: Master the Fundamentals of Statistical Inference

Question 1

What is the probability of accepting a false null hypothesis when the significance level is set at 0.05?

Accepted Answer

0.05

Answer

0.01

Answer

0.10

Answer

0.95

Question 2

A researcher conducts a hypothesis test and obtains a p-value of 0.04. At a significance level of 0.05, what should the researcher conclude?

Accepted Answer

Reject the null hypothesis.

Answer

Fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Answer

Increase the sample size and repeat the test.

Answer

Conduct a one-tailed test instead.

Question 3

In a one-tailed hypothesis test, the alternative hypothesis states that:

Accepted Answer

The mean of Group A is greater than the mean of Group B.

Answer

The mean of Group A is not equal to the mean of Group B.

Answer

The mean of Group A is less than the mean of Group B.

Answer

The mean of Group A is either greater or less than the mean of Group B.

Question 4

What is the primary purpose of a hypothesis test?

Accepted Answer

To determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between two or more groups.

Answer

To estimate the population mean.

Answer

To predict future outcomes.

Answer

To describe the distribution of a sample.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a non-parametric statistical test?

Accepted Answer

Chi-square test

Answer

T-test

Answer

ANOVA

Answer

Regression analysis

Question 6

What is the significance level (α) in hypothesis testing?

Accepted Answer

The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true

Answer

The probability of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false

Answer

The probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is false

Answer

The probability of accepting the alternative hypothesis when it is true

Question 7

Which of the following is a Type I error?

Accepted Answer

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true

Answer

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false

Answer

Accepting the alternative hypothesis when it is true

Answer

Rejecting the alternative hypothesis when it is false

Question 8

What is the critical value in hypothesis testing?

Accepted Answer

The value that divides the rejection region from the non-rejection region

Answer

The value of the test statistic that results in a significance level of 0.05

Answer

The value of the test statistic that results in a p-value of 0.01

Answer

The value of the test statistic that results in a p-value of 0.001

Question 9

What is the p-value in hypothesis testing?

Accepted Answer

The probability of obtaining a test statistic as extreme or more extreme than the one observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true

Answer

The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis

Answer

The probability of accepting the alternative hypothesis

Answer

The significance level

Question 10

In hypothesis testing, which hypothesis states that there is no significant difference between the observed data and the expected outcome?

Accepted Answer

Null hypothesis

Answer

Alternative hypothesis

Answer

Research hypothesis

Answer

Statistical hypothesis

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a non-parametric hypothesis test?

Accepted Answer

Chi-square test

Answer

t-test

Answer

ANOVA

Answer

Regression analysis

Question 12

What is the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis called?

Accepted Answer

Type I error

Answer

Type II error

Answer

Significance level

Answer

Power

Question 13

Which of the following methods is commonly used to control Type I error?

Accepted Answer

Applying a Bonferroni correction

Answer

Using a higher significance level

Answer

Increasing the sample size

Answer

Replicating the study multiple times

Question 14

What distinguishes Bayesian statistics in hypothesis testing?

Accepted Answer

It integrates prior knowledge and adjusts it with new data.

Answer

It exclusively depends on the likelihood function, disregarding prior probabilities.

Answer

It employs a predetermined significance level to decide the test's outcome.

Answer

It presumes the null hypothesis is always valid unless proven otherwise.

Question 15

In hypothesis testing, how does increasing the sample size impact the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis, assuming it is false?

Accepted Answer

Increases the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis.

Answer

Decreases the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis.

Answer

Has no effect on the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis.

Question 16

Which of the following statements best defines the null hypothesis in a hypothesis test?

Accepted Answer

The hypothesis that assumes there is no significant difference or relationship between the groups or variables being compared.

Answer

The hypothesis that assumes there is a significant difference or relationship between the groups or variables being compared.

Answer

The hypothesis that assumes there is a weak or moderate difference or relationship between the groups or variables being compared.

Question 17

In hypothesis testing, what is the probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true?

Accepted Answer

Type I error

Answer

Type II error

Answer

Power

Answer

Significance level

Question 18

Which of the following is defined as the probability of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false?

Accepted Answer

Type II error

Answer

Significance level

Answer

Power

Answer

Type I error

Question 19

In hypothesis testing, what is the commonly accepted significance level used to determine statistical significance?

Accepted Answer

0.05

Answer

0.01

Answer

0.20

Answer

0.10

Question 20

Which of the following methods is commonly used to control Type I error in hypothesis testing?

Accepted Answer

Bonferroni correction

Answer

Jackknifing

Answer

Bootstrapping

Answer

Monte Carlo simulation

Question 21

In hypothesis testing, what is the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually false?

Accepted Answer

Power

Answer

Probability of making a Type I error

Answer

Probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is actually true

Question 22

What is the primary purpose of conducting a pilot study in hypothesis testing?

Accepted Answer

To estimate the effect size and sample size required for a full-scale study

Answer

To collect data for the main study

Answer

To test the validity of the research question

Question 23

When interpreting the results of a hypothesis test, what is the most crucial factor to consider?

Accepted Answer

The context of the study, including the research question, sample characteristics, and practical implications

Answer

The statistical significance of the results alone

Answer

The effect size alone