Adult Development and Aging: Explore Physical, Cognitive, and Social Changes

Question 1

According to Rowe and Kahn's model, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of successful aging?

Accepted Answer

Experiencing significant cognitive decline

Answer

Low risk of disease and disability

Answer

High cognitive and physical functioning

Answer

Active engagement with life

Question 2

According to cognitive theories, which of the following cognitive abilities typically declines with advancing age?

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence

Answer

Crystallized intelligence

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Question 3

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the key developmental crisis faced during adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Question 4

What is the term for preserving or enhancing cognitive abilities in older adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive reserve

Answer

Fluid intelligence

Answer

Crystallized intelligence

Answer

Working memory

Question 5

How does Baltes' Selective Optimization with Compensation model suggest individuals can effectively manage age-related decline?

Accepted Answer

Investing resources in enhancing strengths while compensating for areas of decline

Answer

Accepting all age-related changes without resistance

Answer

Focusing on preserving current abilities while avoiding new challenges

Question 6

Which of the following is a typical physical change experienced in adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Decreased muscle mass and strength

Accepted Answer

Higher body fat percentage

Accepted Answer

Lower bone density

Answer

Enhanced cardiovascular health

Question 7

The gradual decline in cognitive abilities often seen in late adulthood is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Age-related cognitive decline

Answer

Dementia

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Normal aging

Question 8

Which physical change commonly occurs during adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Reduced muscle mass

Answer

Increased bone density

Answer

Improved cardiovascular health

Answer

Enhanced flexibility

Question 9

The gradual process of reducing involvement in social roles and activities as individuals age is called:

Accepted Answer

Role disengagement

Answer

Social withdrawal

Answer

Activity selection

Answer

Social selectivity

Question 10

Which of the following is a common cognitive change that occurs during adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Decline in fluid intelligence, such as problem-solving and reasoning

Answer

Improved short-term memory

Answer

Increased processing speed and reaction times

Answer

Enhanced verbal fluency and communication abilities

Question 11

The term 'sandwich generation' refers to individuals who are:

Accepted Answer

Simultaneously caring for their aging parents and their own children

Answer

Experiencing both physical and mental health challenges

Answer

Facing unemployment and significant financial difficulties

Answer

Transitioning from work to retirement

Question 12

The 'use it or lose it' principle suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive abilities can be maintained or enhanced through active use and engagement

Answer

Cognitive abilities naturally decline with age

Answer

Social interactions have no significant impact on cognitive functioning

Answer

Physical exercise is the sole factor in preventing cognitive decline

Question 13

The concept of the 'midlife crisis' is considered:

Accepted Answer

A myth perpetuated by popular culture and media

Answer

A universal experience characterized by intense emotional upheaval

Answer

A life stage associated with increased psychological distress and challenges

Answer

A sign of underlying mental health issues

Question 14

Which of the following is a key concept in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, specifically during adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer

Autonomy vs. Shame

Answer

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer

Initiative vs. Guilt

Question 15

According to cognitive theories of aging, which of the following cognitive abilities generally declines with age?

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence

Answer

Crystallized intelligence

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Question 16

How does the concept of resilience relate to the process of aging?

Accepted Answer

It refers to the capacity to adapt and thrive despite challenges.

Answer

It is primarily a personality trait that remains consistent throughout life.

Answer

It is only relevant for older adults who have experienced severe trauma.

Answer

It has no relevance to aging.

Question 17

Which of the following is a common cognitive impairment associated with normal aging?

Accepted Answer

Mild forgetfulness

Answer

Difficulty concentrating

Answer

Impaired decision-making

Answer

Severe memory loss

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a typical physical change associated with adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced vision

Answer

Reduced muscle mass

Answer

Elevated blood pressure

Answer

Slowed metabolism

Question 19

Which of the following findings is consistent with longitudinal studies of adult cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence declines more rapidly than crystallized intelligence in adulthood.

Answer

Cognitive abilities decline steadily throughout adulthood.

Answer

Working memory capacity increases significantly during adulthood.

Answer

Cognitive processing speed remains unchanged throughout adulthood.

Question 20

Which physical change is typically observed during adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Slower reaction time

Answer

Increased muscle mass and strength

Answer

Improved cardiovascular fitness

Question 21

According to which psychologist's theory of adult development do individuals progress through eight distinct stages over the course of adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson

Answer

Sigmund Freud

Answer

Jean Piaget

Answer

Carl Jung

Question 22

Updated: Identify a common physical change associated with aging?

Accepted Answer

Specified: Reduced muscle mass

Answer

Corrected: Improved cardiovascular function

Answer

Corrected: Increased bone density

Answer

Specified: Enhanced eyesight

Question 23

Updated: According to the theory of selective optimization with compensation, older adults:

Accepted Answer

Simplified: Seek to maintain optimal functioning in important life domains

Answer

Clarified: Focus on maximizing all aspects of their lives

Answer

Corrected: Become increasingly dependent on others

Answer

Updated: Give up on activities that are no longer beneficial

Question 24

Updated: How can cognitive decline in late adulthood potentially be managed?

Accepted Answer

Specified: Through cognitive stimulation exercises

Answer

Simplified: With medication treatment

Answer

Corrected: By isolating the individual

Answer

Corrected: No known interventions can effectively manage cognitive decline

Question 25

What is cognitive reserve, and how does it contribute to successful aging?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive reserve is the brain's ability to maintain cognitive function despite damage or age-related decline.

Answer

Cognitive reserve is the same as crystallized intelligence.

Answer

Cognitive reserve is not important for successful aging.

Answer

Cognitive reserve can only be measured using brain scans.

Question 26

Which theory of adult development posits that individuals pass through distinct stages marked by specific cognitive and psychosocial challenges?

Accepted Answer

Stage theory of adult development

Answer

Contextual theory of adult development

Answer

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Answer

Transactional theory of adult development

Question 27

Which of the following is a potential physical health concern in aging?

Accepted Answer

Cardiovascular disease

Answer

Cognitive decline

Answer

Depression

Answer

Social isolation

Question 28

Which of the following contributes to successful aging?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining social connections

Answer

Retiring early

Answer

Avoiding stress

Answer

Living in a warm climate

Question 29

What is the term for the gradual decrease in social interactions and activities that often occurs in late adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Social disengagement

Answer

Social apathy

Answer

Social withdrawal

Answer

Social isolation

Question 30

According to Baltes and Staudinger, which of the following is a characteristic of wisdom?

Accepted Answer

Capacity to consider diverse perspectives

Answer

High levels of creativity

Answer

Exceptional memory

Answer

Expertise in a specific domain

Question 31

Which cognitive change is commonly associated with adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Gradual decline in fluid intelligence

Answer

Increase in working memory

Answer

Impairment in semantic memory

Answer

Enhancement of episodic memory

Question 32

What is the phenomenon where older adults tend to demonstrate better recall of events from their early adulthood in comparison to more recent events?

Accepted Answer

Reminiscence bump

Answer

Semantic priming

Answer

Recency effect

Answer

Primacy effect

Question 33

Which social role theory emphasizes the significance of role exits and role transitions in shaping the experiences of older adults?

Accepted Answer

Role theory

Answer

Activity theory

Answer

Continuity theory

Answer

Disengagement theory

Question 34

Which neurotransmitter is linked to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases in older adults?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Dopamine

Question 35

What is the theory that proposes that aging individuals prioritize their investments in resources and activities based on their values and goals?

Accepted Answer

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Answer

Expectancy-value theory

Answer

Cognitive dissonance theory

Answer

Social identity theory

Question 36

Which of the following is a key characteristic of successful aging?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining physical health and functional abilities

Answer

Experiencing chronic diseases

Answer

Retiring from work

Answer

Living in a long-term care facility

Question 37

What is the term used to describe an individual's personal perception and experience of their own aging process?

Accepted Answer

Subjective age

Answer

Biological age

Answer

Social age

Answer

Chronological age