Attention and Perception: Master the Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

The phenomenon where we perceive objects in a different location than their actual position is known as:

Accepted Answer

Optical illusion

Answer

Depth perception

Answer

Binocular disparity

Answer

Visual agnosia

Question 2

Which of the following is a characteristic of bottom-up processing?

Accepted Answer

Data-driven

Answer

Influenced by context and expectations

Answer

Goal-directed and top-down

Answer

Effortful and controlled

Question 3

The ability to recognise familiar objects despite variations in their appearance, size, or perspective is known as:

Accepted Answer

Object constancy

Answer

Shape constancy

Answer

Size constancy

Answer

Colour constancy

Question 4

The ability to shift attention swiftly and effortlessly between different stimuli or tasks is known as:

Accepted Answer

Attentional flexibility

Answer

Inhibition

Answer

Working memory

Answer

Cognitive control

Question 5

The Gestalt principle of grouping by 'similarity' suggests that we perceive objects that share:

Accepted Answer

All of the mentioned characteristics

Answer

Similar colors and shapes

Answer

Similar orientations and directions

Answer

Similar sizes and textures

Question 6

What is the primary function of the primary visual cortex (V1)?

Accepted Answer

Extracting basic visual features (e.g., lines and shapes)

Answer

Recognizing complex objects

Answer

Integrating visual information from both eyes

Answer

Controlling eye movements

Question 7

The theory suggesting that information is processed simultaneously at all levels is known as:

Accepted Answer

Parallel processing theory

Answer

Serial processing theory

Answer

Attentional spotlight theory

Answer

Gestalt theory

Question 8

Which theory proposes that attention is a limited resource that can be strategically allocated to different tasks to enhance performance?

Accepted Answer

Limited-Capacity Theory

Answer

Filter Theory

Answer

Feature-Integration Theory

Answer

Signal-Detection Theory

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of selective attention?

Accepted Answer

Dividing attention equally among multiple tasks

Answer

Filtering out irrelevant information

Answer

Focusing on specific stimuli

Answer

Heightened response to attended stimuli

Question 10

Which theory of visual perception emphasizes the influence of prior knowledge and expectations on perception?

Accepted Answer

Constructivist theory

Answer

Gestalt theory

Answer

Direct realism theory

Answer

Ecological theory

Question 11

What is the phenomenon when the perception of a stimulus is influenced by the recent exposure to a related stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Priming

Answer

Adaptation

Answer

Hallucination

Answer

Illusion

Question 12

Which brain region is primarily involved in visual information processing?

Accepted Answer

Occipital lobe

Answer

Parietal lobe

Answer

Temporal lobe

Answer

Frontal lobe

Question 13

Which component of attention enables us to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others?

Accepted Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Divided attention

Answer

Sustained attention

Answer

Peripheral awareness

Question 14

In the context of visual perception, what is the process by which the brain interprets and organizes sensory information into meaningful objects?

Accepted Answer

Object recognition

Answer

Transduction

Answer

Feature extraction

Answer

Motor planning

Question 15

Which theory of selective attention proposes that attention operates like a filter, allowing only relevant information to be processed?

Accepted Answer

Filter theory

Answer

Attenuator theory

Answer

Resource allocation theory

Answer

Feature integration theory

Question 16

Which characteristic distinguishes top-down processing from bottom-up processing in perception?

Accepted Answer

Influence of prior knowledge and expectations

Answer

Reliance on sensory input

Answer

Unaffected by cognitive processes

Answer

Focus on low-level perceptual features

Question 17

How do feature detectors contribute to pattern recognition?

Accepted Answer

By responding selectively to specific visual features

Answer

By integrating all sensory information into a single representation

Answer

By inhibiting the processing of irrelevant features

Answer

By enhancing the overall accuracy of perception

Question 18

How do mindfulness practices affect attention and perception?

Accepted Answer

Mindfulness practices enhance selective attention and visual perception.

Answer

Mindfulness practices have no significant impact on attention or perception.

Answer

Mindfulness practices hinder auditory perception and weaken selective attention.

Question 19

What is the key difference between bottom-up and top-down processing in perception?

Accepted Answer

Bottom-up processing involves data-driven processing, while top-down processing involves concept-driven processing.

Answer

Top-down processing involves data-driven processing, while bottom-up processing involves concept-driven processing.

Answer

Bottom-up processing is faster than top-down processing.

Answer

Top-down processing is faster than bottom-up processing.

Question 20

What is the primary function of the fusiform face area (FFA) in visual perception?

Accepted Answer

Processing faces

Answer

Object recognition

Answer

Processing colors

Answer

Detecting movement

Question 21

The process of interpreting and giving meaning to sensory information is known as:

Accepted Answer

Perception

Answer

Attention

Answer

Cognition

Answer

Memory

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of a bottom-up approach to visual perception?

Accepted Answer

Seeing a motion aftereffect

Answer

Recognizing a face in a crowd

Answer

Identifying a word on a page

Answer

Interpreting an abstract painting

Question 23

The ability to focus on multiple stimuli or tasks at the same time is called:

Accepted Answer

Divided attention

Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Sustained attention

Answer

Alternating attention

Question 24

Which of the following is a characteristic of auditory perception?

Accepted Answer

It can be influenced by the context.

Answer

It is processed in the visual cortex.

Answer

It is primarily concerned with spatial information.

Answer

It is less susceptible to illusions than visual perception.

Question 25

A key feature of the Gestalt approach to perception is the belief that:

Accepted Answer

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Answer

Perception is influenced by past experiences.

Answer

Objects are perceived as separate from their background.

Answer

Perception is primarily a bottom-up process.

Question 26

In visual perception, the process of organizing and interpreting incoming visual information to form coherent perceptions is known as:

Accepted Answer

Gestalt perception

Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Depth perception

Answer

Colour constancy

Question 27

The ability to maintain attention on a task over an extended period is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Vigilance

Answer

Habituation

Answer

Priming

Answer

Gestalt perception

Question 28

In visual perception, the process of inferring missing information to create a complete percept is termed:

Accepted Answer

Perceptual completion

Answer

Gestalt perception

Answer

Depth perception

Answer

Colour constancy

Question 29

Which aspect of auditory perception involves the use of cues from both ears?

Accepted Answer

Binaural cues

Answer

Dichotic listening

Answer

Echolocation

Answer

Auditory streaming

Question 30

Which characteristic is NOT associated with selective attention?

Accepted Answer

Focusing on multiple stimuli concurrently

Answer

Limited capacity

Answer

Effortful

Answer

Flexible

Question 31

Which brain area is primarily involved in processing visual information?

Accepted Answer

Occipital lobe

Answer

Frontal lobe

Answer

Parietal lobe

Answer

Temporal lobe

Question 32

Which of the following is a bottom-up factor influencing perception?

Accepted Answer

Physical properties of stimuli

Answer

Expectations

Answer

Past experiences

Answer

Cultural biases

Question 33

Which method is used to measure involuntary attention?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Eye-tracking

Answer

Reaction time task

Answer

Verbal report

Question 34

Which theory proposes that perception is actively constructed by the mind rather than a passive intake of sensory information?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theory

Answer

Structuralist theory

Answer

Ecological theory

Answer

Gestalt theory

Question 35

Which brain imaging technique is most suitable for investigating the neural mechanisms of attention?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer

X-ray

Question 36

Which of the following would be considered a top-down influence on attention?

Accepted Answer

Task relevance

Answer

Contrast in the visual field

Answer

Sound intensity

Answer

Movement in the periphery

Question 37

Which of the following factors is NOT known to affect selective attention?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Relevance of the information

Answer

Perceptual load

Answer

Emotional salience

Question 38

In the context of attention, what is 'vigilance' primarily concerned with?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining sustained attention over time

Answer

Dividing attention between tasks

Answer

Switching attention between stimuli

Answer

Filtering out irrelevant information

Question 39

According to the feature integration theory, perceiving objects as wholes involves the integration of separate features by specialized cortical neurons. Is this statement true or false?

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 40

The cocktail party effect demonstrates the capture of our attention by:

Accepted Answer

Personally relevant or meaningful stimuli

Answer

Conspicuous or visually salient stimuli

Answer

Unexpected or novel stimuli

Answer

Familiar or recently encountered stimuli

Question 41

The process by which an individual's expectations, beliefs, or prior knowledge influence their interpretation of ambiguous stimuli is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Top-down processing (influence of cognitive factors)

Answer

Priming (activation of related concepts)

Answer

Perceptual organization (grouping similar elements)

Answer

Confirmation bias (seeking evidence to support beliefs)

Question 42

Which type of auditory perception involves determining the direction of a sound source?

Accepted Answer

Sound localization (identifying sound source location)

Answer

Pitch perception (distinguishing high and low sounds)

Answer

Loudness perception (perceiving volume)

Answer

Timbre perception (distinguishing sound qualities)

Question 43

Depth perception, the ability to perceive the relative distance of objects, is primarily associated with which sensory modality?

Accepted Answer

Visual perception (stereopsis and binocular cues)

Answer

Auditory perception (interaural time and level differences)

Answer

Tactile perception (touch and pressure)

Answer

Olfactory perception (smell)

Question 44

The phenomenon where the perceived size of an object is influenced by the size of the objects surrounding it is known as:

Accepted Answer

Size illusion (distortion of perceived size)

Answer

Size constancy (perceiving objects as having a stable size)

Answer

Perceptual grouping (organizing elements into meaningful units)

Answer

Object constancy (perceiving objects as having stable properties)

Question 45

What phenomenon occurs when we perceive an ambiguous stimulus in various interpretations?

Accepted Answer

Multistable perception

Answer

Perceptual constancy

Answer

Binocular rivalry

Answer

Depth perception

Question 46

Which of the following does NOT influence auditory perception?

Accepted Answer

Visual clarity

Answer

Frequency

Answer

Intensity

Answer

Duration

Question 47

Which brain region is central to selective attention?

Accepted Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Parietal lobe

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 48

How does the cocktail party effect exemplify selective attention?

Accepted Answer

The ability to focus on a particular conversation amidst background noise

Answer

The tendency to prioritize stimuli aligned with current goals

Answer

Demonstrates how perceptual organization influences attention

Answer

Shows how bottom-up processing can override top-down processing

Question 49

According to Gibson's ecological theory of perception, our perception of the world is primarily influenced by:

Accepted Answer

Cues from the environment

Answer

Past experiences and expectations

Answer

Internal representations of objects

Answer

Stimulus intensity

Question 50

Which of the following is considered a top-down process in perception?

Accepted Answer

Influencing perception by expectations and knowledge

Answer

Matching sensory input to stored patterns

Answer

Extracting features from sensory input

Answer

Organising sensory input into meaningful wholes

Question 51

The ability to maintain focus on a task over a sustained period is known as:

Accepted Answer

Sustained attention

Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Divided attention

Answer

Alternating attention

Question 52

The ability to perceive objects as remaining stable despite changes in the retinal image is known as:

Accepted Answer

Perceptual constancy

Answer

Gestalt perception

Answer

Depth perception

Answer

Motion perception

Question 53

The theory that suggests that we perceive patterns and wholes based on innate principles is:

Accepted Answer

Gestalt theory

Answer

Ecological theory

Answer

Direct perception theory

Answer

Constructivist theory