Childhood and Adolescence: A Comprehensive Guide for Psychology Students

Question 1

Which theorist proposed a stage model of cognitive development that includes sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages?

Accepted Answer

Piaget

Answer

Erikson

Answer

Bandura

Question 2

In Erikson's theory, which conflict is central to adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Identity vs. role confusion

Answer

Industry vs. inferiority

Answer

Intimacy vs. isolation

Answer

Generativity vs. stagnation

Question 3

In Piaget's theory, what is egocentrism during the preoperational stage?

Accepted Answer

Believing one's perspective is the only correct one, making it hard to see others' views.

Answer

Understanding cause and effect and reasoning logically.

Answer

Thinking abstractly and reasoning hypothetically.

Question 4

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which stage is characterized by abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking?

Accepted Answer

Formal operational stage

Answer

Sensorimotor stage

Answer

Preoperational stage

Answer

Concrete operational stage

Question 5

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the primary conflict that adolescents face is:

Accepted Answer

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Answer

Initiative vs. Guilt

Question 6

According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, learning predominantly occurs through:

Accepted Answer

B and C only

Answer

Individual exploration

Answer

Social interaction

Answer

Cultural influences

Question 7

Which of the following factors contributes significantly to secure attachment in infants?

Accepted Answer

Consistent and responsive parenting

Answer

Unpredictable and neglectful parenting

Answer

Authoritative parenting

Answer

Permissive parenting

Question 8

The most rapid development of executive functions, including attention and working memory, occurs during:

Accepted Answer

Adolescence

Answer

Infancy

Answer

Early childhood

Answer

Middle childhood

Question 9

Piaget's theory suggests that young children display egocentrism primarily because they:

Accepted Answer

Cannot understand the viewpoints of others

Answer

Have limited knowledge

Answer

Are not interested in the thoughts and emotions of others

Question 10

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which stage of development is characterized by the ability to think abstractly and engage in hypothetical reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Formal operational reasoning

Answer

Concrete operational reasoning

Answer

Sensorimotor intelligence

Answer

Preoperational thought

Question 11

Which stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is primarily concerned with establishing a sense of identity and autonomy?

Accepted Answer

Adolescence

Answer

Infancy

Answer

Early childhood

Answer

Young adulthood

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secure attachment in children?

Accepted Answer

Emotional intensity

Answer

Proximity seeking

Answer

Trusting others

Answer

Reciprocity

Question 13

Which parenting style involves setting clear limits and expectations while also providing warmth and support?

Accepted Answer

Authoritative

Answer

Authoritarian

Answer

Permissive

Answer

Neglectful

Question 14

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with reinforcement and reward in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Glutamate

Answer

GABA

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Universalist morality

Answer

Preconventional morality

Answer

Conventional morality

Answer

Postconventional morality

Question 16

Which of the following is a key developmental task of middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

Independence from parents

Answer

Identity formation

Answer

Intimacy development

Answer

Career exploration

Question 17

Which principle does NOT align with Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive development is a gradual and continuous process.

Answer

Cognitive development occurs in distinct stages.

Answer

Children actively construct their understanding through exploration.

Answer

Each stage has unique cognitive abilities and limitations.

Question 18

According to Erikson's theory, which conflict is crucial during adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Answer

Initiative vs. Guilt

Question 19

According to Lev Vygotsky's theory of social constructivism, which concept is central?

Accepted Answer

Zone of proximal development

Answer

Cognitive development is mainly biological

Answer

Cognitive abilities are fixed

Answer

Language has little impact on cognitive development

Question 20

In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which stage is characterized by the emergence of abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking?

Accepted Answer

Formal operational stage

Answer

Sensorimotor stage

Answer

Preoperational stage

Answer

Concrete operational stage

Question 21

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the stage where children begin to reason logically about concrete objects is called the:

Accepted Answer

Concrete operational stage

Answer

Sensorimotor stage

Answer

Preoperational stage

Answer

Formal operational stage

Question 22

A key characteristic of adolescence according to Erikson's psychosocial development theory is:

Accepted Answer

Identity formation versus role confusion

Answer

Industry versus inferiority

Answer

Intimacy versus isolation

Answer

Generativity versus stagnation

Question 23

In the context of child development, 'scaffolding' involves:

Accepted Answer

Providing temporary support to facilitate learning

Answer

Imposing strict rules and expectations

Answer

Ignoring the child's developmental needs

Answer

Teaching the child everything they need to know

Question 24

During the preoperational stage of cognitive development, a child typically exhibits:

Accepted Answer

Egocentrism

Answer

Conservation

Answer

Abstract thinking

Answer

Metacognition

Question 25

Which of the following describes the process by which genes and environment interact to shape an individual's development?

Accepted Answer

Epigenetics

Answer

Genetics

Answer

Nurture

Answer

Evolution

Question 26

How can parents foster secure attachment relationships with their children, according to attachment theory?

Accepted Answer

Provide consistent care, stability, and predictability.

Answer

Maintain emotional distance and limit close bonds.

Answer

Punish negative emotions to teach impulse control.

Question 27

Which of the following is not a key characteristic of cognitive development in adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Superiority in logical reasoning compared to adults

Answer

Increased capacity for abstract thinking

Answer

Development of metacognition

Answer

Enhanced problem-solving abilities

Question 28

According to Piaget's theory, the cognitive stage that typically occurs from ages 2 to 7 is known as:

Accepted Answer

Preoperational stage

Answer

Sensorimotor stage

Answer

Concrete operational stage

Answer

Formal operational stage

Question 29

Adolescence is typically characterized by a strong focus on developing a distinct:

Accepted Answer

Self-identity

Answer

Moral identity

Answer

Racial identity

Answer

Sexual identity

Question 30

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, the central conflict of adolescence revolves around:

Accepted Answer

Identity versus role confusion

Answer

Intimacy versus isolation

Answer

Generativity versus stagnation

Answer

Trust versus mistrust

Question 31

Which parenting style is considered most beneficial for fostering healthy adolescent development?

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parenting

Answer

Authoritarian parenting

Answer

Permissive parenting

Answer

Uninvolved parenting

Question 32

The process by which adolescents establish their own unique beliefs, values, and sense of self is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Individuation

Answer

Socialization

Answer

Maturation

Answer

Self-regulation

Question 33

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which stage involves the emergence of symbolic thinking and the ability to represent objects and events mentally?

Accepted Answer

Preoperational stage

Answer

Sensorimotor stage

Answer

Concrete operational stage

Answer

Formal operational stage

Question 34

Which research design is commonly employed to study developmental changes and patterns over an extended period in the same group of participants?

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal study

Answer

Cross-sectional study

Answer

Experimental study

Answer

Case study

Question 35

What is the primary purpose of scaffolding in facilitating children's learning and development?

Accepted Answer

To provide temporary support and guidance to assist the child in completing a task

Answer

To remove obstacles or distractions from the child's environment

Answer

To demonstrate the correct way to perform a task without assistance

Answer

To expect the child to succeed independently without any support

Question 36

According to Piaget's theory, which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to engage in hypothetical thinking?

Accepted Answer

Formal operational

Answer

Preoperational

Answer

Sensorimotor

Answer

Concrete operational

Question 37

Which of the following is a risk factor for depression in adolescence?

Accepted Answer

A family history of depression

Answer

Regular physical activity

Answer

High socioeconomic status

Answer

Strong peer support

Question 38

What is the term for the psychological changes that occur during adolescence as individuals begin to develop a sense of their own identity and independence?

Accepted Answer

Identity formation

Answer

Puberty

Answer

Cognitive development

Answer

Peer pressure

Question 39

Which of the following describes the parenting style characterized by high rules and low emotional warmth?

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian

Answer

Neglectful

Answer

Permissive

Answer

Authoritative

Question 40

What is the primary function of the prefrontal cortex during adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Executive function, including planning, decision-making, and impulse control

Answer

Language processing

Answer

Emotional regulation

Answer

Motor coordination

Question 41

Which of the following is a common challenge faced by adolescents as they transition to adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Establishing financial independence

Answer

Developing peer relationships

Answer

Navigating social media

Answer

Learning to drive

Question 42

What is the process by which adolescents develop a sense of self and identity called?

Accepted Answer

Identity formation

Answer

Cognitive development

Answer

Socialization

Answer

Peer pressure