Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics: Master the Processes of Drug Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion

Question 1

Which of the following factors does NOT influence drug metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Environmental temperature

Answer

Genetic polymorphisms

Answer

Drug interactions

Question 2

In the liver, which enzyme system plays a primary role in Phase I drug metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Cytochrome P450

Answer

UDP-glucuronosyltransferases

Answer

Sulfotransferases

Answer

Glutathione S-transferases

Question 3

The volume of distribution (Vd) primarily measures:

Accepted Answer

The extent of drug distribution throughout the body

Answer

The rate of drug elimination

Answer

The concentration of drug in plasma

Answer

The amount of drug bound to plasma proteins

Question 4

A drug that undergoes enterohepatic circulation is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Repeated cycles of absorption and excretion into bile

Answer

Metabolism in the liver and subsequent urinary excretion

Answer

Extensive binding to plasma proteins and wide distribution

Answer

Unchanged elimination through feces

Question 5

High plasma protein binding of a drug may lead to which of the following consequences?

Accepted Answer

Reduced tissue distribution

Answer

Faster metabolism

Answer

Increased toxicity

Answer

Shortened elimination half-life

Question 6

Which factors can influence the rate of drug excretion? Provide examples of how these factors can affect the duration of drug action.

Accepted Answer

pH of urine and glomerular filtration rate

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Accepted Answer

Bile secretion

Answer

Volume of distribution

Question 7

How can pharmacokinetic parameters guide the optimization of drug dosage regimens?

Accepted Answer

Adjusting the dose to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations

Answer

Eliminating the need for drug monitoring

Answer

Predicting drug interactions

Answer

Determining the route of drug administration

Question 8

Which enzyme primarily catalyzes the phase II detoxification reaction of glucuronidation in the liver?

Accepted Answer

UDP-glucuronosyltransferases

Answer

Cytochrome P450

Answer

Glutathione S-transferases

Answer

Epoxide hydrolase

Question 9

What is the primary mechanism by which drugs are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Passive diffusion

Answer

Facilitated diffusion

Answer

Active transport

Answer

Pinocytosis

Question 10

Which pharmacokinetic parameter measures the apparent volume of distribution of a drug in the body, indicating its distribution across body compartments?

Accepted Answer

Volume of distribution

Answer

Half-life

Answer

Clearance

Answer

Area under the curve

Question 11

What is the major route of drug excretion from the human body?

Accepted Answer

Urine

Answer

Feces

Answer

Lungs

Answer

Skin

Question 12

What is the term used to describe the mathematical relationship between drug concentration and time in the body?

Accepted Answer

Pharmacokinetics

Answer

Pharmacodynamics

Answer

Toxicokinetics

Answer

Bioavailability

Question 13

Which organ is primarily responsible for metabolizing drugs in the body?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Answer

Kidneys

Answer

Lungs

Answer

Heart

Question 14

What is the scientific field that studies the interactions between drugs and living organisms, including their effects and mechanisms of action?

Accepted Answer

Pharmacology

Answer

Pharmacokinetics

Answer

Toxicology

Answer

Pharmacy

Question 15

Which of the following processes facilitates the conversion of drugs into polar metabolites that can be excreted through the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Phase II metabolism

Answer

Phase I metabolism

Answer

Phase III metabolism

Answer

Phase IV metabolism

Question 16

Among the following organs, which one is primarily responsible for metabolizing drugs?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Answer

Kidneys

Answer

Lungs

Answer

Intestines

Question 17

What is a primary pathway for drug excretion?

Accepted Answer

Urine

Answer

Bile

Answer

Saliva

Answer

Sweat

Question 18

In pharmacokinetics, which parameter reflects the time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the body to decrease by half?

Accepted Answer

Half-life

Answer

Clearance

Answer

Volume of distribution

Answer

Bioavailability

Question 19

In drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies involving human subjects, which ethical principle holds the highest priority?

Accepted Answer

Respect for Autonomy

Answer

Maximizing Benefits

Answer

Ensuring Justice

Answer

Honoring Commitments

Question 20

Which of the following enzymes is primarily responsible for metabolizing drugs in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)

Answer

N-acetyltransferases (NATs)

Answer

Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs)

Answer

Sulfotransferases (SULTs)

Question 21

What is the term for the elimination of drugs from the body?

Accepted Answer

Excretion

Answer

Metabolism

Answer

Distribution

Answer

Absorption

Question 22

Which of the following describes the relationship between drug concentration and its effect?

Accepted Answer

Dose-response relationship

Answer

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship

Answer

Therapeutic index

Answer

Concentration-time profile

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT considered a Phase I drug metabolism reaction?

Accepted Answer

Glucuronidation

Answer

Reduction

Answer

Oxidation

Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 24

Which route of elimination is predominantly used for water-soluble drugs?

Accepted Answer

Renal excretion

Answer

Biliary excretion

Answer

Cutaneous excretion

Answer

Pulmonary excretion

Question 25

Which pharmacokinetic parameter quantifies the rate of drug elimination from the body?

Accepted Answer

Clearance

Answer

Half-life

Answer

Volume of distribution

Question 26

What is the term for the steady-state concentration of a drug in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Cavg

Answer

Cmax

Answer

AUC

Answer

Tmax

Question 27

Which process describes the passive movement of drugs across cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Passive diffusion

Answer

Facilitated diffusion

Answer

Endocytosis

Answer

Active transport