Master Diabetes Medications: Drugs Used in Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

Which of the following is the primary site of insulin action?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle**✔**

Answer

Adipose tissue

Answer

Liver

Answer

Pancreas

Question 2

Metformin acts primarily by:

Accepted Answer

Increasing insulin sensitivity✔

Answer

Inhibiting glucose absorption

Answer

Stimulating insulin secretion

Answer

Inhibiting gluconeogenesis

Question 3

Which of the following is a contraindication for sulfonylureas?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes✔

Answer

Renal impairment

Answer

Severe hepatic impairment

Answer

Pregnancy

Question 4

The main adverse effect associated with thiazolidinediones is:

Accepted Answer

Weight gain✔

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Lactic acidosis

Answer

Cardiovascular toxicity

Question 5

Which type of insulin is a long-acting insulin analog?

Accepted Answer

Glargine✔

Answer

Lispro

Answer

Aspart

Answer

Regular

Question 6

The initial management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) involves:

Accepted Answer

Intravenous insulin infusion✔

Answer

Subcutaneous insulin injection

Answer

Oral hypoglycemic agents

Answer

Glucagon

Question 7

The target blood glucose level for most individuals with diabetes mellitus is:

Accepted Answer

5.5-7.0 mmol/L✔

Answer

<5.5 mmol/L

Answer

7.0-8.5 mmol/L

Answer

>8.5 mmol/L

Question 8

The primary mode of excretion for metformin is:

Accepted Answer

Renal excretion✔

Answer

Hepatic metabolism

Answer

Pulmonary excretion

Answer

Biliary excretion

Question 9

Metformin, an oral hypoglycemic agent, primarily exerts its effects by:

Accepted Answer

Improving insulin sensitivity

Answer

Increasing insulin secretion

Answer

Inhibiting glucagon secretion

Answer

Blocking glucose absorption in the intestine

Question 10

Which of the following adverse effects is most commonly associated with sulfonylureas?

Accepted Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Hepatotoxicity

Answer

Nephropathy

Question 11

In the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which of the following classes of drugs is generally recommended as first-line therapy?

Accepted Answer

Metformin

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Sulfonylureas

Answer

DPP-4 inhibitors

Question 12

DPP-4 inhibitors, a class of oral hypoglycemic agents, achieve their glucose-lowering effects primarily by:

Accepted Answer

Increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels

Answer

Inhibiting insulin degradation

Answer

Stimulating insulin secretion

Answer

Reducing hepatic glucose production

Question 13

Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which metformin exerts its antihyperglycemic effect?

Accepted Answer

Enhances insulin sensitivity, primarily in skeletal muscle, resulting in increased glucose uptake and utilization.

Answer

Inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver, reducing the production of glucose.

Answer

Stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, increasing insulin levels.

Answer

Blocks glucose absorption in the small intestine, reducing the amount of glucose entering the bloodstream.

Question 14

Which of the following oral hypoglycemic agents belongs to the sulfonylurea class?

Accepted Answer

Glimepiride

Answer

Acarbose

Answer

Pioglitazone

Answer

Empagliflozin

Question 15

In determining the appropriate insulin dose for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which of the following factors is typically not considered?

Accepted Answer

Age, which generally does not have a significant impact on insulin dose requirements in adults.

Answer

Body weight, which influences insulin requirements due to differences in insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.

Answer

Blood glucose levels, which guide insulin dose adjustments based on current glycemic control.

Answer

Activity level, as physical activity can affect insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization.

Question 16

Which organ is the primary target of thiazolidinediones, a class of oral hypoglycemic agents used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Adipose tissue, where thiazolidinediones improve insulin signaling and promote glucose uptake.

Answer

Liver, where thiazolidinediones enhance insulin sensitivity and promote glucose uptake.

Answer

Skeletal muscle, where thiazolidinediones stimulate glucose transport and utilization.

Answer

Pancreas, where thiazolidinediones increase insulin secretion from beta cells.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, a class of oral hypoglycemic agents?

Accepted Answer

Sitagliptin

Answer

Metformin

Answer

Pioglitazone

Answer

Empagliflozin

Question 18

According to current guidelines, which oral hypoglycemic agent is typically considered the MOST appropriate first-line treatment option for a newly diagnosed patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Metformin

Answer

Pioglitazone

Answer

Glipizide

Answer

Sitagliptin

Question 19

A patient with type 1 diabetes presents with severe hypoglycemia. What is the MOST appropriate IMMEDIATE action to manage this situation?

Accepted Answer

Administer intravenous glucose

Answer

Administer glucagon subcutaneously

Answer

Administer oral glucose tablets

Question 20

A significant adverse effect associated with the use of sulfonylurea drugs like glipizide in treating type 2 diabetes is:

Accepted Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Cardiovascular disease

Answer

Hepatotoxicity

Question 21

A patient taking metformin for type 2 diabetes is scheduled for a medical procedure involving intravenous contrast dye. What is the RECOMMENDED action regarding their metformin therapy?

Accepted Answer

Temporarily discontinue metformin 48 hours before and after the procedure

Answer

Continue metformin as usual

Answer

Increase the metformin dose

Question 22

Which insulin analog is characterized by a rapid onset and short duration of action, making it suitable for bolus injections before meals?

Accepted Answer

Lispro

Answer

Detemir

Answer

NPH

Answer

Glargine

Question 23

The mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors like sitagliptin involves:

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, leading to increased incretin levels

Answer

Increased insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues

Answer

Stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic beta cells

Question 24

A potential adverse effect associated with the use of thiazolidinediones like pioglitazone in treating type 2 diabetes is:

Accepted Answer

Fluid retention and edema

Answer

Gastrointestinal upset

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Increased risk of hypothyroidism

Question 25

Which oral hypoglycemic agent should be used with CAUTION in patients with type 2 diabetes experiencing frequent hypoglycemic episodes due to its high risk of hypoglycemia?

Accepted Answer

Glipizide

Answer

Canagliflozin

Answer

Acarbose

Answer

Metformin

Question 26

SGLT2 inhibitors like canagliflozin work by:

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, leading to increased glucose excretion in urine

Answer

Increased insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues

Answer

Stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic beta cells

Question 27

A critical aspect of monitoring patients receiving insulin therapy is:

Accepted Answer

Regular blood glucose monitoring

Answer

Monitoring for signs of hyperlipidemia

Answer

Monitoring for signs of thyroid dysfunction

Answer

Monitoring for signs of renal dysfunction