Neurons and Neuroglia: Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of neuroglia?

Accepted Answer

Transmitting nerve impulses

Answer

Providing structural support and insulation for neurons

Answer

Regulating the chemical environment of neurons

Answer

Protecting the brain from injury

Question 2

Which type of neuron transmits sensory information to the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Afferent

Answer

Efferent

Answer

Interneuron

Answer

Motor

Question 3

Which characteristic feature of myelinated axons contributes to increased conduction velocity?

Accepted Answer

Reduced membrane resistance

Answer

Increased membrane capacitance

Answer

Increased axon diameter

Answer

Absence of Schwann cells

Question 4

In the peripheral nervous system, which neuroglial cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cell

Answer

Astrocyte

Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Answer

Microglia

Question 5

Which histological staining technique is used to visualize myelin sheaths?

Accepted Answer

Luxol fast blue

Answer

Hematoxylin and eosin

Answer

Periodic acid-Schiff

Answer

Toluidine blue

Question 6

Action potentials in neurons are initiated at the:

Accepted Answer

Axon hillock

Answer

Dendrites

Answer

Axon terminal

Answer

Cell body

Question 7

Which function is carried out by astrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Regulating blood-brain barrier permeability

Answer

Releasing neurotransmitters

Answer

Conducting nerve impulses

Answer

Phagocytosing cellular debris

Question 8

Which type of interneuron is responsible for inhibiting the activity of motor neurons?

Accepted Answer

Inhibitory

Answer

Excitatory

Answer

Sensory

Answer

Relay

Question 9

Voltage-gated ion channels are a characteristic feature of the neuron cell membrane because they:

Accepted Answer

Allow ions to pass through only when the membrane is depolarized

Answer

Prevent ions from leaking out of the cell

Answer

Maintain a resting membrane potential

Answer

Are impermeable to sodium and potassium ions

Question 10

Which immunohistochemical technique allows for the visualization of specific proteins within specific cell types by employing antibodies that target those proteins?

Accepted Answer

Immunofluorescence

Answer

In situ hybridization

Answer

Electron microscopy

Answer

Flow cytometry

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a type of neuron?

Accepted Answer

Glial cell

Answer

Sensory neuron

Answer

Motor neuron

Answer

Interneuron

Question 12

What is the primary function of the neuroglia?

Accepted Answer

To support and nourish neurons

Answer

To transmit neural signals

Answer

To form the blood-brain barrier

Answer

To regulate synaptic activity

Question 13

Which part of the neuron is responsible for generating action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Axon hillock

Answer

Dendrites

Answer

Cell body

Answer

Synaptic terminals

Question 14

What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?

Accepted Answer

To increase action potential propagation speed

Answer

To insulate the axon

Answer

To provide nutrients to the neuron

Answer

To protect the neuron from damage

Question 15

What is the key difference between gray matter and white matter in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Gray matter primarily contains neuron cell bodies, while white matter primarily contains myelinated axons.

Answer

White matter primarily contains neuron cell bodies, while gray matter primarily contains myelinated axons.

Answer

Gray matter is found only in the brain, while white matter is found only in the spinal cord.

Answer

White matter is found only in the brain, while gray matter is found only in the spinal cord.

Question 16

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordination and balance?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Cerebrum

Answer

Brainstem

Answer

Thalamus

Question 17

What is the role of synaptic plasticity in learning and memory?

Accepted Answer

It strengthens synaptic connections based on repeated activity.

Answer

It generates new neurons in response to learning.

Answer

It protects synapses from damage.

Answer

It regulates the release of neurotransmitters.

Question 18

Which neuroglia cell type is accountable for myelinating axons within the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Answer

Astrocytes

Answer

Microglia

Answer

Ependymal cells

Question 19

What is the primary function of the axon hillock?

Accepted Answer

Initiates action potential generation

Answer

Transmits action potentials along the axon

Answer

Integrates synaptic inputs

Answer

Provides structural reinforcement to the neuron

Question 20

What is the term for the junction where two neurons meet?

Accepted Answer

Synapse

Answer

Node of Ranvier

Answer

Gap junction

Answer

Tight junction

Question 21

What is the primary role of the myelin sheath?

Accepted Answer

Insulates axons, accelerating neural conduction

Answer

Protects axons from damage

Answer

Provides energy to neurons

Answer

Regulates neurotransmitter release

Question 22

Which neuroglia cell type contributes to the formation of the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

Astrocytes

Answer

Ependymal cells

Answer

Microglia

Answer

Oligodendrocytes