Other Psychiatric Treatments: Electroconvulsive Therapy, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Deep Brain Stimulation

Question 1

Which of the following is a primary indication for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

Accepted Answer

Severe, treatment-resistant depression

Answer

Bipolar mania

Answer

Schizophrenia

Answer

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 2

What is the main target of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

Accepted Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Ventral striatum

Question 3

Which of the following is an established indication for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

Accepted Answer

Treatment-resistant major depressive disorder

Answer

Schizophrenia

Answer

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 4

Electroconvulsive therapy is considered a first-line treatment for which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Treatment-resistant depression

Answer

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia

Answer

Bipolar disorder

Answer

Generalized anxiety disorder

Question 5

What is the primary target brain region for deep brain stimulation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Accepted Answer

Anterior cingulate cortex

Answer

Subthalamic nucleus

Answer

Caudate nucleus

Answer

Ventral striatum

Question 6

Which of the following is a primary indication for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

Accepted Answer

Treatment-resistant major depressive disorder

Answer

Bipolar disorder

Answer

Schizophrenia

Answer

Anxiety disorders

Question 7

What is the primary mechanism of action of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

Accepted Answer

Induction of electrical currents in the brain through magnetic pulses

Answer

Inhibition of neuronal activity

Answer

Stimulation of neurotransmitter release

Answer

Increase in cerebral blood flow

Question 8

Which patient population is most likely to benefit from repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)?

Accepted Answer

Patients with treatment-resistant depression who have not responded to medications or psychotherapy

Answer

Patients with chronic insomnia

Answer

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer

Patients with schizophrenia

Question 9

Which of the following is a unique advantage of deep brain stimulation over other psychiatric treatments?

Accepted Answer

Precise targeting of specific brain areas

Answer

Reversible procedure

Answer

Lower risk of side effects

Answer

Faster onset of action

Question 10

When is ECT typically considered as a treatment option?

Accepted Answer

Severe depression unresponsive to medication

Answer

Psychotic disorders

Answer

Bipolar disorder

Answer

Anxiety disorders

Question 11

How do transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) differ in their mechanisms of action, target areas, and potential risks?

Accepted Answer

TMS uses magnetic pulses to stimulate superficial brain regions, while DBS involves implanting electrodes to deliver electrical stimulation to deep brain structures.

Answer

TMS is a newer treatment than DBS.

Answer

TMS and DBS have similar risks and benefits.

Answer

Both TMS and DBS require surgery.

Question 12

In administering electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), what are the crucial ethical considerations and informed consent procedures that must be followed?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent is essential for ECT, ensuring the patient fully understands the potential risks and benefits.

Answer

ECT can be administered even if the patient refuses, provided their condition is a medical emergency.

Answer

Patients should simply sign a consent form without receiving any further explanation.

Question 13

How do psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy complement electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to improve patient outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Combining ECT with other psychiatric treatments can enhance effectiveness and reduce risks.

Answer

ECT is used exclusively without any other treatments.

Answer

Psychotherapy is only used to prepare patients for ECT.

Answer

Pharmacotherapy is generally not recommended with ECT.

Question 14

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) primarily modulates activity in which brain region?

Accepted Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Striatum

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Question 15

What is the main mechanism of action of TMS in psychiatric treatment?

Accepted Answer

Non-invasive modulation of neural activity through electromagnetic induction

Answer

Inhibition of serotonin reuptake

Answer

Stimulation of dopamine release

Answer

Alteration of blood-brain barrier permeability

Question 16

What is the primary role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in DBS surgery?

Accepted Answer

Planning the surgical trajectory and target localization

Answer

Assessing the extent of brain lesions

Answer

Monitoring brain activity during stimulation

Answer

Evaluating the response to stimulation

Question 17

Which of the following is a non-pharmacological intervention for psychosis?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Answer

Antipsychotic medication

Answer

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer

Mood stabilizers

Question 18

What is the primary goal of occupational therapy in psychiatric treatment?

Accepted Answer

To improve daily functioning and independence

Answer

To promote social skills and interpersonal relationships

Answer

To facilitate insight and emotional regulation

Answer

To reduce the risk of relapse and hospitalization

Question 19

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique approved by the FDA for the treatment of which psychiatric disorder?

Accepted Answer

Major Depressive Disorder

Answer

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Answer

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Question 20

A patient undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) experiences confusion and disorientation immediately after a treatment session. What is the most likely explanation for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Post-ictal state, a temporary period of confusion following a seizure

Answer

Allergic reaction to anesthesia

Answer

Electrolyte imbalance

Answer

Medication interaction

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for TMS?

Accepted Answer

History of anxiety disorder

Answer

Cardiac pacemaker

Answer

Presence of a metallic implant in the head

Answer

History of seizures

Question 22

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) involves implanting electrodes in specific brain regions to modulate neuronal activity. What is the primary mechanism of action of DBS?

Accepted Answer

Electrical stimulation alters the firing patterns of neurons in the targeted brain region

Answer

DBS enhances the blood flow to the targeted brain region

Answer

DBS destroys targeted brain tissue

Answer

DBS directly stimulates neurotransmitter release

Question 23

A key ethical consideration in using deep brain stimulation (DBS) for psychiatric disorders is:

Accepted Answer

Ensuring informed consent and decision-making capacity in patients with severe mental illness

Answer

The cost-effectiveness of DBS compared to other treatment options

Answer

The potential for DBS to be used for non-therapeutic purposes

Answer

The potential for DBS to enhance cognitive abilities beyond therapeutic benefit

Question 24

A patient undergoing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for depression experiences mild headaches. What is the most appropriate course of action?

Accepted Answer

Reassure the patient that headaches are a common side effect and offer over-the-counter pain relief medication

Answer

Immediately discontinue rTMS treatment

Answer

Adjust the intensity of the magnetic stimulation

Answer

Refer the patient for a neurological evaluation